Thermodynamics and Statistical Mechanics

Alcohol is used to measure at low temperatures because it has a lower freezing point than Mercury. Mercury has a higher boiling point than alcohol, mercury boils at around 400 Co and alcohol boils around 80 C0.

Yes. There are no known exceptions - otherwise it would not be considered a law

Convection is responsible for making you feel cold when swimming in a cold pool. As the water comes in contact with your skin, it absorbs heat from your body, leading to a loss of body heat. The continuous movement of the water around you facilitates this transfer of heat, making you feel cold.

The first law states that neither matter nor energy can be created or destroyed

The second law states that everything tends toward disorder ie. falls apart, fades, withers, erodes, etc.

I like the versions:

1st: You can't get something for nothing

2nd: Not only that, you can't even break even

Reversible adiabatic expansion/compression

The amount of thermal energy in an item is determined by its temperature and mass. It is measured in joules or calories and represents the total kinetic energy of the particles within the item. The formula to calculate thermal energy is Q = mcΔT, where Q is the thermal energy, m is the mass, c is the specific heat capacity, and ΔT is the change in temperature.

Convection relies on the movement of fluid particles, such as air or water, to transfer heat. Since solids do not have freely moving particles like fluids, convection cannot take place within them. Heat transfer in solids typically occurs through conduction, where heat is transferred through the vibration of atoms or molecules.

There is no direct conversion between GHz (frequency) and watts (power). GHz measures the frequency of electromagnetic waves, while watts measure power. The relationship between the two is determined by the specific context of the application.

The measurement of temperature is based on the Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics, which states that if two systems are in thermal equilibrium with a third system, then they are in thermal equilibrium with each other. This allows for the establishment of a temperature scale and the comparison of temperatures between different systems.

yes it does? ??? The point at which a liquid boils depends on the atmospheric pressure applied to the liquid and the type of liquid itself. Granted, a smaller amount of liquid will boil sooner than a larger amount of liquid only because the smaller amount of liquid was able to reach the boiling temperature sooner but the temperature at which both amounts of liquid will boil will be the same temperature. At sea level water (regardless of the quantity) will boil at approximately 100 degrees celcius (212 degrees F).

The First Law of Thermodynamics is the conservation of energy. You can't create energy, nor destroy it; the total amount of energy in a closed system remains constant.

The First Law of Thermodynamics is the conservation of energy. You can't create energy, nor destroy it; the total amount of energy in a closed system remains constant.

The First Law of Thermodynamics is the conservation of energy. You can't create energy, nor destroy it; the total amount of energy in a closed system remains constant.

The First Law of Thermodynamics is the conservation of energy. You can't create energy, nor destroy it; the total amount of energy in a closed system remains constant.

When you wrap the fish and chips in newspaper the newspaper acts as an insulator itself. It stops the heat escaping into the air by acting as a shield to keep the electrons within the food and therefore keeps the heat inside the food. I hope you enjoyed your fish anyway!

Heat rejection is the process of transferring heat energy from a system or material to its surroundings. This can occur through various mechanisms such as conduction, convection, and radiation, and is commonly used in cooling systems to dissipate excess heat. Heat rejection is essential in maintaining optimal operating conditions for many systems and devices.

Heat energy causes all matter to expand, a reason for this strange occurrence is that when a particular substance receives heat whether it be through conduction, convection or radiation the atoms inside the substance become more energised therefor needing more space to move, they push the outside boundaries making the substance expand. If the substance receives an exceeding amount of heat energy it will change states of matter.

I hope this valubale information comes of use.

Water, like all matter, changes its state thru thermodynamics and/or a chemical reaction. Since all matter consists of both particulate matter and energy, and except in a collider, you can't change matter, we will have to alter the energy state of the matter to morph from one state to the next

In the case of a liquid state in our atmosphere, we can define its solid, liquid, gaseous, and plasma state thru out the infrared spectrum. Using the Kelvin and/or the Fahrenheit or centigrade scales, we can establish its solid state by decreasing the liquid's temperature until it's atoms or molecules (element or compound respectively) slow down in to a lower energy state, having given up their existing energy to a lower energy source...which is "colder" (has less heat) Water, a dipole, with a bonding energy second only to mercury, when frozen, forms crystals, producing a lattice structure which has space between the lattice components, thus causing the solid (ice) to have a greater size, but less dense medium. Nearing absolute zero, many feel that water takes on the physical properties of a metal.

As the temperature is raised, when enough energy is added (infrared) it's crystalline structure disassembles and the water becomes a cold liquid. As the temperature continues to rise. it's molecules have a higher energy state, and begin to evaporate into the ambient. Further energy introduced results in more and more distance between the molecules which is propagated by their heightened energized state...finally, when enough infrared energy is introduced, the liquid becomes unstable and "boils", giving off it's heat, and some of it's matter in the form of steam. Further infusion of infrared energy results in a superheated state.....in the case of water, boiling at atmospheric pressure is 212 at sea level, whereas it's superheated state is 286 at sea level.......lowering the ambient pressure will lower these points...such as in a vacuum.....adding pressure will allow the rise to the 286 mark....about 45 psi vs 14.7 at atmospheric pressure. Plasma, however, with further energy being introduced, is not created as with many types matter capable of being a liquid and a gas, by energizing it to a state where it's constituent's parts separate into ionized particles, with no electromagnetic bonds to keep them together, as the energy supersedes the bonding energy at the atomic level, long after the covalent bonds of a molecule were compromised in a lower energy state....water will deconstruct however, thru the use of a membrane, such as the type used to make hydrogen at a fuel cell facility.

The 1st Law of thermodynamics is a restatement of the law of conservation of energy.

According to the second law of Thermodynamics, the amount of usable energy will continuously decrease.

According to the second law of Thermodynamics, the amount of usable energy will continuously decrease.

According to the second law of Thermodynamics, the amount of usable energy will continuously decrease.

According to the second law of Thermodynamics, the amount of usable energy will continuously decrease.

Thermos flasks primarily reduce heat transfer by conduction, convection, and radiation. The vacuum insulation between the inner and outer walls of the flask minimizes heat loss through conduction. The silvered coating on the inner surface reduces heat transfer by radiation, while the narrow neck minimizes heat loss through convection.

∆E (internal energy) = q (heat flow) + w (work)

The question says that heat is delivered to the surroundings (therefore lost by the system so (-)). Also, It says in the same statement work is being delivered, so work is also negative.

∆E = -225J + (-645J)

= -870

Mir Publishers still exist in russia, but they don't carry out any foreign lanuages translation work, publishing Russian scientific literature in Russian only. Mir was formed in 1946 by a decree of the USSR Council of Ministers and was completely state funded which is the reason for the low prices of books. But after the Soviet Union collapsed they were privatised and different divisions were privatised. Since their main motive during the times of communism was propaganda of both political side and showcasing the scientific achievements of communist state, with communism's collapse the motive was lost and funding stopped. They had a website till 1 year ago but it has stopped now. They still publish books of Russian authors in English but in collaboration with western publishers like Springer and CRC press, and they do come to world book fairs in major cities of the world I personally talked to them in the New Delhi World Book Fair. In India their books are still available as leftovers of Soviet Times still packed in cartons yet unopened since they exported huge amounts to India. You can still get a lot of Mir titles from here now also, this publishing house now carries out its own activity. the prices are approxmately 3 books for 1 dollar so cheap. There is also a website www.urss.ru, they still provide you with all the MIR titles running into thousands but at very steep prices since they print it on order, maybe they own the copyrights and somebody bought the old titles over.

The publishing house in India also has books by Russian Raduga(http://www.raduga-publ.ru/), Progress Publishers. I am personally very much interested in them have have carried out extensive research and have a huge collection of MIR'S books.

Runners are channels where liquid metals flows from the sprue to the mould cavities. Runners are generally located in the horizontal plane of parting line.It has other purposes too....

<1> It traps the slag & dross.

<2> It also controls the momentum of the molten metal.

hope it helps :)

Heat by radiation travels in a straight line (line of sight) from a hot body to cold body with no intervening fluid or material needed for heat conveyance. Thus if the cold body isn't blocked off from the hot body it will receive heat from it by radiation.

Convection requires a fluid for heat conveyance, which doesn't exist between the sun and earth.

Conduction requires contact for heat transfer.