Thermodynamics and Statistical Mechanics

The experimental data in steam tables have been measured in laboratories with precision instruments. They have been verified many times throughout the years and are therefore very reliable.

A very simple experience is used to build a steam table. In a closed device, in which a specific flow of water circulates, a known electric current is introduced. From this current, we can infer the exact amount of heat added and we simply record the pressure and temperature at which the system stabilizes.

See the 'Origin of steam tables' related link below for a diagram of this experimental setup.

My answer about heat is that heat is a form of energy which causes the sensation of hotness and coldness.And thermo dynamic is one of the characteristics resulting from the conversion of heat into other forms of energy.

It's a liquid.

A can of soft drink is a closed system because it does not exchange matter with its surroundings - the contents (liquid and gas) are enclosed within the can. While there may be some exchange of energy (e.g., heat) with the surroundings, the matter within the can remains constant.

In transient heat transfer, the rate of heat transfer is changing with time. By definition, in steady-state heat transfer, the rate of heat transfer does NOT change with time. In the real world, heat transfer starts out as transient and then approaches steady-state with time until the difference between the actual and the ideal becomes negligible or until thermal equilibrium is approached.

Example - One example of that is how the kinetic energy of a moving car is converted into heat energy at the brakes and tire surfaces.

terms of their energy conversion processes.

Automobile Engine

Chemical � Kinetic

Heater/Furnace

Chemical � Heat

Hydroelectric

Gravitational � Electrical

Solar

Optical � Electrical

Nuclear

Nuclear � Heat, Kinetic, Optical

Battery

Chemical � Electrical

Food

Chemical � Heat, Kinetic

Photosynthesis

Optical � Chemical

As you can see conversion between chemical energy and other forms of energy are extremely important, whether you are veterinarian or a mechanical engineer.

There are two types of numerical scales available: relative and absolute. A relative scale arbitrarily (i.e. as judged by the person) assigns a point of origin that is said to be equal to "zero". While in some cases this makes measurement for some values quite simple (e.g. the freezing point of pure water is 0 Celsius), in other cases moving to the left of the zero mark (that is, producing negative values) could cause formulas to produce unintended results.

On the other hand, an absolute scale relates the origin to some absolute and definite zero. In the case of the Kelvin, the "zero" chosen corresponds to the temperature where the kinetic energy of a perfect crystal of matter is equal to zero. For one thing, this resolves the difficulty of determining what "zero" actually stands for. Another advantage of the Kelvin scale is that it is incremented in absolute values, that is, all values are always positive. This eliminates the problem of factoring in negative values into a particular equation.

Answer When doing chemistry, it is always a good idea to use Celsius or Kelvin, simply because it is measure of temperature that is understood in the majority of the world. Kelvin is simply more accurate to the hypothetical "absolute zero" than Celsius.

The temperature at which molecules stop moving

Yes - this should be a good example of heat transfer by radiation. It is unlikely you will transfer heat by natural convection since the roof is above the person and any heated air will rise to the roof rather than sink from the roof down to the person. Air is a rather poor conductor of heat so any heat transfer by conduction from the roof down to the person will be very slow. In contrast to this, the tin roof, if hot enough will be a fairly good heat radiator - enough that it could be sensed by a person below, i.e. they will feel the radiant heat transfer.

Why would it? Imagine that every atom of the substance gets a little larger. Wouldn't the atoms in the wall of the hole get bigger too? Then the hole would get bigger, not smaller. Thats Wrong (I think). If the metal atoms around the hole get bigger then the hole should get smaller. And the gas atoms in the hole will be pushed out. Plankey1995 JF

Bimetallic strips are used in thermostats where two metals, usually steel and copper, are layered together and heated to create a coil that bends with changes in temperature.

The interpolation method in thermodynamics using steam tables involves finding the properties of a substance at a state that is not explicitly listed in the tables by linearly interpolating between two known data points. This involves determining the fraction of the difference between the two data points at which the desired property would fall. The formula for interpolation is typically calculated as follows:

Property_x = Property_1 + (Property_2 - Property_1) * (x - X_1) / (X_2 - X_1), where Property_x is the desired property at a given state, Property_1 and Property_2 are the known values of the property at the states X_1 and X_2, and x is the intermediate state for which the property is being interpolated.

Defects in crystals are called thermodynamic defects because they influence the overall energy or thermodynamic properties of the crystal lattice. These defects can affect the stability, entropy, and other thermodynamic properties of the crystal structure. They are considered in the context of thermodynamics as they impact the equilibrium state and behavior of the crystal material.

Radiators produce heat by transferring thermal energy to the surrounding air in a room. They are part of a heating system that uses hot water or steam circulating through the radiator to warm up indoor spaces.

The amount of heat transfer is 270 J. This can be calculated using the first law of thermodynamics equation: ΔQ = ΔU + W, where ΔQ is the heat transfer, ΔU is the change in internal energy, and W is the work done on the gas. In this case, ΔU = 120 J and W = 150 J, so ΔQ = 120 J + 150 J = 270 J.

In an isothermal process, the temperature of the system remains constant. Since work done is the result of a change in energy, and the temperature does not change, there is no transfer of energy in the form of work during an isothermal process. Thus, the work done in an isothermal system is zero.

The most common reason why glass explodes is that it is subjected to an extreme but uneven temperature change; if you heat up one side of a piece of glass faster than the other side, you get uneven thermal expansion, which then causes great stress in the glass, which can make it explode. Just placing a hot frying pan on a piece of glass can have that effect.

Gunfire can also make glass explode. Shockwaves from explosions can make glass explode. So if you live in a war zone, you are at an increased risk of having your glass explode.

In a manner of speaking, but the second law applies to closed system and life is constantly the recipient of continual energy from the sun, thus putting entropy off for the foreseeable future. So life can become organized under these conditions.

Measuring temperature by feeling is unreliable because human skin is not a precise sensor for temperature. Factors such as skin sensitivity, ambient temperature, and individual perception can lead to inaccuracies in temperature assessment. Using a thermometer provides a more accurate and consistent measurement of temperature.

There are two possible answers to this question - depending on how you read it:

If 2.5 kJ is converted to work but that only represents 8.5% efficiency, then the heat transferred to the surroundings will be 2.5(1-0.85)/0.85 = 26.9 kJ

On the other hand, if 2.5 kJ is the total energy coming in and only 8.5% of it is converted to work, then the other 91.5% is lost to the surroundings:

2.5(1-0.085) = 2.2875 kJ