Thermodynamics and Statistical Mechanics

To calculate the energy required to heat water, you would need to know the specific heat capacity of water. The specific heat capacity of water is 4.18 J/g°C. Assuming we are heating the water by 1°C, the energy required would be 46.0g * 4.18J/g°C * 1°C = 192.28 Joules.

A thermodynamic work is said to be positive when the system does work on the surroundings. This occurs when energy is transferred from the system to the surroundings, resulting in a decrease in the internal energy of the system.

No, the pressure of a gas cannot be zero as long as there is some gas present. Pressure is caused by the collisions of gas molecules with the walls of the container, so even if the gas is at very low pressure, there will still be some collisions occurring.

No, heat and work are not path functions. Heat and work are energy interactions between a system and its surroundings that depend on the process taken, not just the initial and final states. Path functions are properties whose values depend on the path followed to reach that state, such as change in temperature.

Volume coefficient of expansion of air varies with temperature...

At STP( ie 1 bar,0 °C) it is about 3.7e-3/°C (.0037/°C)

At 100°C it is about .002/°C

Try checking the exact values in Clark's tables, log/scientific book.

Hot water is often cloudy due to the presence of dissolved air that is trying to come out of solution - the air dissolved in the water when it was cooler and when the water was heated up the solubility of the air decreases.

the temparature of the liquid must be read while the thermometer is in the liquid.since the level of mercury drops as soon as the thermometer is taken out of the liquid ,therefore no need of the kink in thermometer.

Saturated gas temperature is the temperature at which a gas would be in equilibrium with the liquid phase of the gas (or with the liquid phase of a component of the gas if it was a gas mixture).

Classical mechanics fails to accurately describe the behavior of particles at the quantum level, unlike Schrödinger's equation which can predict the behavior of particles based on their wave functions. Classical mechanics does not account for wave-particle duality, uncertainty principle, and quantum superposition which are crucial in understanding quantum systems. Schrödinger's equation provides a more comprehensive and accurate description of particle behavior at the atomic and subatomic levels.

The equation Cp - Cv = R is derived from the first law of thermodynamics applied to an ideal gas process. It relates the specific heat capacities at constant pressure (Cp) and constant volume (Cv) of an ideal gas to the universal gas constant (R). This relationship is based on the assumption that the internal energy of an ideal gas depends only on its temperature.

A toaster uses electrical energy to produce thermal energy through resistive heating elements. These elements become hot and transfer that heat to the bread slices, providing the energy needed for toasting the bread.

No, passing steam at atmospheric pressure will not cause water to boil. Boiling occurs when the liquid reaches its boiling point temperature and vapor pressure overcomes the atmospheric pressure. Generally, steam at atmospheric pressure will only cause the water to heat up and potentially evaporate faster.

The work done when lifting the tomato is equal to the force required to lift it multiplied by the distance it is lifted. The force can be calculated using the formula F = mg, where m is the mass of the tomato and g is the acceleration due to gravity. Once the force is calculated, multiply it by the distance lifted to get the work done.

No. Latent heat of vaporization is defined as the energy required to VAPORIZE 1 kilogram of a liquid completely at its boiling point. Latent heat of sublimation is the energy required to SUBLIME 1 kilogram of a solid completely into a gas at constant temperature. They're different. Note that the temperatures should be constant during the processes.

At absolute zero (O K or -273.15 degrees Celsius), there is no energy radiated. The wavelength of light emitted is related by Wien's Law:

(lambda) = 3x10^-3/T

Where lambda is the wavelength of the radiation. T is the temperature in Kelvin.

When T approaches 0 K, the wavelength of the emitted radiation approaches infinity (lower energy). At zero, there is no emitted energy.

The Q needs a small edit - "what in the universe gives direction to time".

Entropy of the system (universe) does. Its philosophically and scientifically explained in "fundamentals of Physics" by Resnick & Halliday.

-Chandrakanth Terupally.

No, nuclear fusion does not violate the laws of thermodynamics. It is a process that involves combining small atomic nuclei to form a heavier nucleus, releasing energy in the process. This energy release is consistent with the principles of thermodynamics.

Yes. As as energy on earth can be dated back to the sun in one way or another(the energy from our bodies included). Take the second law for instance(thermal E is spontaneously transferred from an object of higher temperature to lower until both reach the same temperature). Say you're holding snow in the palm of your hand, what happens? It melts, and your hand feels cooler. Take the first law, basically stating that the Energy of the universe remains constant. Where does the energy put into machines come from? The potential chemical energy from something such as coal? The nuclear fission of uranium? It's just converted from one for to anther at one point, often losing energy as heat when converting from one form to another.

No underwater its called Hydrodynamic but its basicly the same with the power of liquid motion taking over for the gases in the air.

Exergonic reactions indicate a negative change in Gibbs free energy, which in English means that the reactions are spontaneous and do not require addition of energy. The exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in blood and lungs is an example. It is the concentration gradient that runs these exchanges passively, without additional energy from the cells.

A point function is a function whose value depends only on the state of a system at a single point, regardless of the path taken to reach that state. Examples include pressure, temperature, and density. In contrast, a path function depends on the path taken to reach a particular state and not just the initial and final states of a system. Examples include work and heat.

The second law of thermodynamics dictates that heat energy will naturally flow from a hotter object to a cooler object when they come into contact. This law describes the direction of heat transfer between objects and the associated increase in entropy in the system.

The three basic laws of refrigeration are: 1) The law of conservation of energy, which states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transferred or converted. 2) The first law of thermodynamics, which states that energy is conserved in a system and can be neither created nor destroyed. 3) The second law of thermodynamics, which states that heat will naturally flow from a high-temperature region to a low-temperature region.

Carbon fiber does not burn in the traditional sense as it is made up of carbon atoms bonded together in a crystal structure. However, it can be damaged by high temperatures and can weaken when exposed to fire.