What system was applied in the political area of Spain when rizal arrived in Europe?

Answer 1

When José Rizal arrived in Europe in the late 19th century, Spain was under a constitutional monarchy, specifically the Bourbon Restoration period, which began in 1874. This system featured a constitutional framework that allowed for limited democratic governance, but political power was still heavily concentrated in the monarchy and traditional elites. The political climate was marked by social unrest, nationalist movements in colonies, and a struggle for reforms, particularly in response to growing discontent in places like the Philippines. This environment influenced Rizal's advocacy for political and social reforms, as he sought to address the injustices faced by Filipinos under Spanish rule.