Historically, employers did not have to offer health insurance. When affordable for the employer, however, it was a way to attract valuable employees, even when the employer paid only a share of the monthly premium.
With the coming of "healthcare reform", if upheld, much may change. This includes the requirements that certain size employers will be required to offer, and/or pay for health insurance for certain classes of employees (probably full-time, at least at first).
One of the things that both employer and employee must be careful of is that policies be issued by licensed insurers. Insurers are authorized (licensed) by the states in which they conduct business and one of the primary duties of state insurance departments is to ensure solvency, This involves ensuring that an insurer has enough money on hand to make sure that claims can be paid as they arise. The net of this is that cheaper is usually not better.
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Yes.
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There are no state or federal laws that require your employer to offer health insurance. They can decide to offer plans to full time employees only. They can decide to offer to salaried employees only.
Yes. There is no legal obligation for your employer to offer health insurance unless you have a labor agreement through your labor union that requires it.
Most companies offer group health insurance. As an employer it is normally a good thing to offer a group health insurance plan as it is cheaper for the company and needed by the employee.
No, if they are similiary situated individuals. It could be done by class - say management vs. salaried For more details http://www.steveshorr.com/dictionary.htm#Similarly_Situated_Non-COBRA_Beneficiaries
Under the new health care act, all employers are required to offer health insurance to their full time employees. If the employees are not full time and do not qualify to be covered under their employer's policy, they must seek another form of insurance.
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The reforms that President Obama is pushing for would not effect employers who currently offer health care. Although there is talk of implementing a minimum percentage requirement for employers to pay, the only way an employer would be affected now would be if they do not currently offer health insurance they would need to either pay a fine, contribute to their employer's health care insurance or offer an health insurance plan. That said, the reforms are aimed at controlling costs so in the long run, employers would pay considerably less.
It is not against the law for an employer to refuse health insurance to their employees. Many companies and major corporations do offer health insurance through health benefits administrators, which are part of the HR department of the company you work for. You might want to get more information about this for your company or from the health benefits administrator of your company.