What were the results of the reign of Philip II of Spain?

Answer 1

Philip II's reign saw the expansion of Spain's colonial empire to the size it would retain until the mid-19th century. His most important contribution to Europe's history was his decisive defeat of the Ottoman forces who tried to establish the Ottoman Empire's power in the whole of the Mediterranean basin. It was almost solely thanks to Spain's efforts that Muslim influence and actual occupations remained restricted to the eastern Mediterranean area.

Other notable results of his reign was the expansion of Spain's holdings and influence in Italy and the lost war of independence with what would become the Dutch Republic. His failed expedition to England with the Armada had the lasting result that England's Catholics were to become and remain unelegible for public office until well into the 19th century.