To become a cell biologist, you would typically need to take a series of biology and related courses. Some common classes would include cell biology, molecular biology, biochemistry, genetics, microbiology, anatomy and physiology, and advanced courses in cellular or molecular biology. It may also be beneficial to take classes in chemistry, physics, and mathematics to understand the foundational principles underlying cellular processes.
Water is a polar molecule. It is made up of 2 H and an O.
The O as you will see is very small and highly electronegative. Therefore, it will tend to pull the electrons closer to itself. In doing so, it makes itself slightly more negative and the hydrogens more positive. Hence the partial +ve and -ve charges on the water molecule.
Now, the slightly negative O will attract the slightly +ve H of the other water molecules around him thus forming a bond called the hydrogen bonds
Because it is like a magnatizing ordeal so to say and it just bounces of non polar molcuels. :)
it can form four covalent bonds
it forms very strong bonds
The summary of the directional flow of genetic information to the genes final product.
DNA --> RNA --> Protein
Absolutely every gas that either is not an element or is bunched together [for example, O2 (Normal Oxygen, 2 Oxygen Atoms) O3 (Ozone, 3 Oxygen Atoms) or CO2 (One Carbon atom, two Oxygen atoms)]
~me
The DNA fragments being run through an electrophoresis gel are being pulled along an electric field. The DNA migrating stays in the gel because the gel is very thick (made from the synthetic polymer polyacrylamide or the seaweed-derived agarose) and the fragments are traveling in a straight line towards the anode (the electrode in which the electricity is flowing into). The wells cut at the beginning end of the gel only go halfway deep into the gel so the traveling DNA is suspended in the middle.
The DNA has an overall negative charge in the sugar-phosphate backbone of the helix, so no matter what the length of the fragment they all move towards the anode when a current runs through the system. Longer pieces lag behind and smaller pieces move quicker through the gel.
Very long DNA segments need to use pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. This method uses and electrical field that is continually making subtle changes in direction. The overall direction stays the same but the sort of snaking motion keeps the DNA oriented in the right direction and from folding over or "catching up with itself".
Most commonly a protein can be denatured due to several factors. One of the most common ways of denaturing proteins is through heat. Proteins can also be denatured by exposure to alcohol.
Filtration separates particles based on size.
Expression vectors are plasmids used to produce (heterologous expression) proteins from your gene of interest in the expression host(such as E.coli, Yeast, Human cell lines). The gene of interest cloned in this vector (at the MCS) will be transformed in to the host for protein expression. check this out for more info:
Lac operon is a set of genes that regulates the digestion of lactose. In absence of lactose in the medium, the repressor protein binds to the operator that inhibit the transcription of structural genes such as beta galactosidase, lactose permease and transacetylase. This makes sure to avoid the enzyme synthesis when there is no need!
Conversely, when the lactose present in the medium, an isomer of lactose called allolactose bind to the repressor protein, the conformational change in the repressor let it to detach from repressor hence the RNA polymerase can transcribe the structural gene. Although this may be enough for synthesis of structual gene the system is tightly regulated by a protein called CAP (catabolite activator protein) and glucose.
Glucose is a preferred source of energy for cell when this desirable source is present, lactose need not be used as a energy resource. What happens is there will be low level of cAMP when there is high amount of glucose and this keeps CAP inactive.
When there is low glucose levels, the cAMP would be higher, that binds to CAP to make it active, which in turn binds to the promoter that enhance the transcription of structural genes.
Thus, for efficient transcription lac operon structural genes, lactose must be present where glucose must be absent.
Molecules: groups of atoms bonded together due to the sharing or donating of electrons
Examples: Carbon dioxide, water, NaCl, oxygen
Biological molecules (a.k.a. biomolecules, organic macromolecules, or macromolecules): large molecules that are abundantly found in living organisms and are essential for life.
There are four major types of biological molecules
Other molecules may be considered biological if they are created or used by living organisms, but that is a very broad definition that would include molecules such as alcohols, gases, or inorganic compounds.
Kinetic energy is energy produced by motion/activity. Molecules become more active as they heat up. Therefore, molecules in a gaseous state would have the greatest kinetic energy.
Fats are large non polar, insoluble molecules composed of elements - Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen
It works as a vibration device to help properly mix solutions. It may break glass, so when handling test tubes, one should hold firmly in the palm of their hands and place hand on vortex to vigorously vibrate the solution.
Cell biology - study of whole cells and their organelles
Molecular Biology - study of the molecules & their interactions in the cell
Molecular genetics - study of the genes at their molecular levels
all of them are interrelated to one thing i.e. cell
Biology is great! If you like animals, plants and the environment or you are just interested in how things work, then Biology is right for you! Good things..... Great field trips like going rockpooling or behind the scenes at the zoo, Really cool way to do a science subject.It is so fun!!!
Fred Sanger discovered how to sequence DNA in 1951 after the Ferranti Mark 1 computer was delivered to his lab at the University of Manchester. This computer allowed molecular biology research to be analysed in new ways, which ultimately led to DNA sequencing.
Compounds are called Hydrocarbons.They should only contain C and H.