quicksand

Quicksand and warning sign at a gravel extraction site.

Quicksand is a colloid hydrogel consisting of fine granular matter (such as sand or silt), clay, and salt water. The origin of the name refers to "quick" in the older meaning of "alive" rather than "fast," and is thus similar to the origin of the term quicksilver for mercury.

Quicksand is a non-Newtonian fluid: when undisturbed it often appears to be solid ("gel" form), but a minor (less than 1%) change in the stress on the quicksand will cause a sudden decrease in its viscosity ("sol" form). After the initial perturbation—such as a person attempting to walk on it—the water and sand in the quicksand separate and dense regions of sand sediment form; it is because of the formation of these high volume fraction regions that the viscosity of the quicksand seems to suddenly increase. In order to move within the quicksand, a person or object must apply sufficient pressure on the compacted sand to re-introduce enough water to liquefy it. The forces required to do this are quite large: to remove a foot from quicksand at a speed of one centimeter per second would require the same amount of force as "that needed to lift a medium-sized car." ^[1]

It was commonly believed that the behavior of quicksand was due solely to saturated or supersaturated suspensions of granules in water. Pressure from underground sources of water would separate and suspend the granular particles, reducing the friction between them. As of September 2005, it has been shown that it is the presence of salt that is largely responsible.^[1] The stability of the colloidal quicksand is compromised by the presence of salt, increasing the likelihood of sand flocculation and the formation of the high viscosity regions of sediment responsible for quicksand's "trapping" power.

Quicksand can be found inland (on riverbanks, near lakes, or in marshes) or near the coast.

One region notorious for its quicksands is Morecambe Bay, England. As the bay is very broad and shallow, a person trapped by the quicksand would be exposed to the danger of the returning tide, which can come in rapidly.

After a woman entrapped in quicksand in Alaska was drowned by rising tide even as rescuers tried to free her, better rescue techniques were developed. These included a device made of a water pump, hose and perforated pipe that is used to liquify the quicksand around the victim's legs to allow easy extraction, as well as the use of plywood sheets lain on the surface of the quicksand to support rescue workers.

See also

• Dry quicksand
• Fech fech
• Liquid limit
• Plastic limit
• Soil liquefaction
• Thixotropy

References

1. ^ ^{a b} "A. Khaldoun, E. Eiser, G. H. Wegdam and Daniel Bonn Rheology: Liquefaction of quicksand under stress" 'Nature' Vol. 437, Pg. 635, 29 September 2005 doi:10.1038/437635a

External links

• Howstuffworks.com - How quicksand works
• "What is quicksand?", Scientific American. 

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