Uttar Pradesh

Uttar Pradesh उत्तर प्रदेश اتر پردیش
Land of Ganga and Jamuna
Lucknow Location of Uttar Pradesh in India
Country	India
Region	Awadh, Baghelkhand , Braj, Bundelkhand, Purvanchal, RohilKhand
District(s)	711
Uttar Pradesh	14 Nov 18342
Capital	Lucknow
Largest city	Kanpur
Largest metro	Kanpur
Governor	T. V. Rajeswar
Chief Minister	Kumari Mayawati
Legislature (seats)	Bicameral (404 + 108=512)
Parliamentary constituency	parliamentary constituencies in Uttar Pradesh
High Court	Allahabad High Court
District Courts of India
Population • Density	190,891,000[1] (1st) • 792 /km2 (2,051 /sq mi)[1]
Sex ratio	111.4 ♂/♀
Literacy • Male • Female	57.37% • 70.22% • 42.97%
Language(s)	Hindi, Urdu
Time zone	IST (UTC+5:30)
Area	243,286 km² (93,933 sq mi)
Climate • Precipitation Temperature • Summer • Winter	Cfa (Köppen) •      870 mm (34.3 in) •      31 °C (88 °F) •      46 °C (115 °F) •      6 °C (43 °F)
Governing body	Government of India, Government of Uttar Pradesh
Codes • UN/LOCODE • INUP • Vehicle • UP
ISO 3166-2	IN-UP
Portal: Uttar Pradesh
Footnotes 1 The decision to possibly create additional districts is pending. 2 [2], [3], [4] - 14 Nov 1834 : Presidency of Agra. - 01 Jan 1836 : North-Western Provinces. - 03 Apr 1858 : Oudh taken under British control, Delhi taken away from NWP & merged into Punjab. - 01 Apr 1871 : Ajmer, Merwara & Kekri made separate commissionership. - 15 Feb 1877 : Oudh added to North-Western Provinces. - 22 Mar 1902 : Renamed United Provinces of Agra and Oudh. - 03 Jan 1921 : Renamed United Provinces of British India. - 01 Apr 1937 : Renamed United Provinces - 01 Apr 1946 : Self rule granted. - 15 Aug 1947 : Part of independent India. - 26 Jan 1950 : Renamed Uttar Pradesh - 09 Nov 2000 : Uttaranchal state created from part of Uttar Pradesh.
Website	www.upgov.nic.in
Seal of Uttar Pradesh Government

Coordinates: 26°51′N 80°55′E / 26.85°N 80.91°E / 26.85; 80.91 Uttar Pradesh (Hindi: उत्तर प्रदेश, Urdu: اتر پردیش, pronounced [ʊt̪ːər prəd̪eːʃ] (help·info), translation: Northern Province), [often referred to as U.P.] is a state located in the northern part of India. With a population of over 190 million people,^[1] it is India's most populous state, as well as the world's most populous sub-national entity.

With an area of 93,933 sq mi (243,286 km²), Uttar Pradesh covers a large part of the highly fertile and densely populated upper Gangetic plain. It shares an international border with Nepal and is bounded by the states of Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh, Haryana, Delhi, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand and Bihar. The administrative and legislative capital of Uttar Pradesh is Lucknow and the financial and industrial capital is Kanpur. The state's high court is based at Allahabad. It is home to many historical cities like Agra and Varanasi.

The area now known collquially and officially as UP has undergone several different definitions, nomenclatures and territorial demarcations since the early 19^th century. In 1833 the then Bengal Presidency was divided into two parts, one of which became Presidency of Agra. In 1836 the Agra area was named North-Western Provinces and placed under a Lieutenant Governor. In 1877 the two provinces of Agra and Oudh were placed under one administrator, who was called Lieutenant Governor of the North-Western Provinces and Chief Commissioner of Oudh. In 1902 the name was changed to United Provinces of Agra and Oudh with Lieutenant Governor of the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh as administrator, in 1921 Lieutenant Governorship was elivated to Governorship when once again province was renamed as United Provinces of British India. In 1935 the name was shortened to United Provinces. On independence in 1947, the staes of Rampur, Banares and Tehri-Garwal were merged into the United Provinces. In 1950 the name of United Provinces was changed to Uttar Pradesh. In 1999 a separate state, Uttaranchal, (now Uttarakhand), was carved out of Uttar Pradesh.

Throughout its history, it was sometimes divided between petty kingdoms and at other times formed an important part of larger empires that arose on its east or west, including the Magadha, Nanda, Mauryan, Sunga, Kushan, Gupta, Pala and Mughal empires. Uttar Pradesh has an important place in the culture of India; as it is considered to be the birthplace of Hinduism and has many important sites of Hindu pilgrimage. It also holds much of the heritage of the Mughal Empire, including both the famous Taj Mahal and the tomb of the great Mughal Emperor Akbar in Agra and Akbar's capital-palace in Fatehpur Sikri.

The Indo-Gangetic plain, that spans most of the state, has been the ancient seat of Hindu religion, learning and culture, the birth place of the Indo-Islamic syncretic culture of the medieval period, a center of nationalism during the colonial period and has continued to play a prominent role in Indian political and cultural movements. The state has a rich heritage of traditional crafts and cottage industries of various types that employ highly skilled craftsmen and artisans.

Uttar Pradesh is the most populous state in the Indian Union and the most populous first-level administrative country subdivision in the world.^[5] Kanpur is the biggest city in the state. Other big cities are Lucknow - the political capital of the state, Meerut, Agra, Varanasi, Bareilly, Allahabad, Ghaziabad and Noida. The Brahmins, Kshatriyas and Vaishyas, the three upper castes people of the state who have dominated the political and economic scene over the centuries are in a majority. A major group comprises the backward classes, scheduled castes and tribes. The tribal population is largely concentrated in the hill, terai-bhabhar and Vindhya regions. The central government has recognised five of the tribal communities, viz. Tharus, Bhoksas, Bhotias, Jaunswaris and Rajis as scheduled tribes. Besides the upper class, there are also other Hindu and Muslim communities. The scheduled castes and scheduled tribes live in rural areas and are mostly dependent on agriculture, forming the landless labour class.

History

Legend and ancient periods

Mathura in Uttar Pradesh served as the capital of the Kushan Empire.

The known history of Uttar Pradesh goes back 4000 years, when the Aryans first made it their home in 2000 BC. This heralded the Vedic age of the Indian civilization and Uttar Pradesh was its home. The Aryans, who settled in the Doab region and the Ghagra plains, called it with various names: Madhya Desha (midland) or Aryavarta (the Aryan land) or Bharatvarsha (the kingdom of Bharat, an important Aryan king). In the ages to come, Aryans spread to other parts of the Indian subcontinent, reaching as far south as Kerala and Sri Lanka.

The ancient Mahajanapada era kingdom of Kosala in Ayodhya - where, according to Hindu legend, the divine king Rama of the Ramayana epic reigned - was located here. Krishna - another divine king of Hindu legend, who plays a key role in the Mahabharata epic and is revered as the eighth reincarnation (Avatara) of Hindu god Vishnu - was born in the city of Mathura. The aftermath of the Mahabharata war is believed to have taken place in the area between the Doab region of Western Uttar Pradesh and Delhi, during the reign of the Pandava king Yudhishtira, in what was Kuru Mahajanapada. The revered Swaminarayan - mentioned in the Brahma Purana and Vishwaksena Samhita as the manifestation of God - was born in the village of Chhapaiya.

Most of the empire building invasions of North India, from the east as well as the west, passed through the vast swathe of Gangetic plains of what is today Uttar Pradesh. Control over this region was of vital importance to the power and stability of all of India's major empires, including the Mauryan (320-200 BC), Kushan (100-250 AD) and Gupta (350-600 AD) empires. After the Guptas, the Ganga-Yamuna Doab saw the rise of Kannauj. During the reign of Harshavardhana, the Kannauj empire was at its zenith: it covered an area extending from Afghanistan and Kashmir in the west to Bengal in the east and up to the Vindhyas in the south, with its capital at Kannauj. Even today many communities in various parts of India] - from Kashmir, Rajasthan, Uttarakhand, Bihar to Bengal - boast of being descendants of migrants from Kannauj, reflecting its glory in the past.^{[citation needed]}. Soon after Harshavardhana's death, his empire disintegrated into many kingdoms, ruled mostly by Rajputs.

The state is also important to Buddhism since its early days. The Chaukhandi Stupa marks the spot where Buddha met his first disciples. The Dhamek Stupa in Sarnath commemorates Buddha's first sermon. Also the town of Kushinagar is where Gautama Buddha died.

Medieval

Agra and Fatehpur Sikri in Uttar Pradesh were the capital cities of Akbar the Great.

Causing the fall of post-Harshavardhana Rajput kings of north India came the Turko-Afghan Muslim rulers and what we call Uttar Pradesh today once again became the catalyst for things to come; much of the state formed part of the various Indo-Islamic empires (Sultanates) after 1000 AD and was ruled from their capital, Delhi. Later, in Mughal times, U.P. became the heart-land of their vast empire; they called the place 'Hindustan', which is used to this day as the name for India in several languages.

Agra and Fatehpur Sikri were the capital cities of Akbar, the great Mughal Emperor of India. At their zenith, the Mughal empire covered almost the entire Indian subcontinent (including present day Afghanistan, Pakistan and Bangladesh), which was ruled at different times from Delhi, Agra and Allahabad. But, when the empire disintegrated, their last territory remained confined to the Doab region of Hindustan and Delhi.

Other areas of Hindustan (U.P.) were now ruled by different rulers: Oudh was ruled by the Nawabs of Oudh, Rohilkhand by Afghans, Bundelkhand by the Marathas and Benaras by its own king, while Nepal controlled Kumaon-Garhwal as a part of Greater Nepal. The state's capital city of Lucknow was established by the Muslim Nawabs of Oudh in the 18th century.

Modern-colonial

Starting from Bengal in the later half of the 18th century, a series of battles for North Indian lands finally gave the British East India Company accession over this state's territories, including the last Mughal territory of Doab and Delhi, also Bundelkhand, Kumaon and Benaras divisions. Ajmer and Jaipur were also included in this northern territory and they called it the North-Western Provinces (of Agra). Today, the area may seem big compared to several of the Republic of India's present 'mini-states' - no more than the size of earlier 'divisions' of the British era - but at the time it was one of the smallest British provinces. Its capital shifted twice between Agra and Allahabad.

Mangal Pandey

Due to dissatisfaction over the policies of the foreign Company's rule, a massive rebellion erupted in various parts of North India; Meerut cantonment's sepoy, Mangal Pandey, is widely credited as its starting point. It came to be known as the Indian Rebellion of 1857. After its failure, when the turmoil settled, the British made a major revamp, in desperation: they truncated the Delhi region from NWFP of Agra and merged it with Punjab, while the Ajmer- Merwar region was merged with Rajputana. At the same time, they included Oudh into the state. The new state was called the 'North Western Provinces of Agra and Oudh', which in 1902 was renamed as the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh. It was commonly referred to as the United Provinces or its acronym UP.

In 1920, the capital of the province was shifted from Allahabad to Lucknow. The high court continued to be at Allahabad, but a bench was established at Lucknow. Allahabad continues to be an important administrative base of today's Uttar Pradesh and has several administrative headquarters.

The All India Kisan Sabha (AIKS) was formed at the Lucknow session of the Indian National Congress on April 11, 1936 with the legendary nationalist Swami Sahajanand Saraswati elected as its first President,^[6] in order to adderess the long standing grievances of the peasantry and mobilise them against the zamindari landlords' attacks on their occupancy rights, thus sparking the Farmers' movement in India. ^[7][8]

Uttar Pradesh continued to be central to Indian culture and politics and was especially important in modern Indian history as a hotbed of both the Indian Independence Movement and the Pakistan Movement.

Post Independence

After independence, the state was renamed Uttar Pradesh ("northern province") by its first chief minister, Govind Ballabh Pant. Pant was not only known but close to Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru and was also popular in the Congress Party; he established such a good reputation in Lucknow that Nehru called him to Delhi, the capital and seat of Central Government of the country, to make him Home Minister of India in December 27, 1954. He was succeeded by Dr. Sampoornanand, a university professor and classicist Sanskrit scholar, who was chief minister till 1957, before becoming governor of Rajasthan.

Sucheta Kripalani served as India's first woman chief minister from October 1963 until March 1967, when a two-month long strike by state employees caused her to step down.After her Chandra Bhanu Gupta assumed the office of Chief Minister with Laxmi Raman Acharya as Finance Minister, but the government lasted for only two years due to the confusion and chaos which ended only with the defection of Charan Singh from the Congress with a small set of legislators; he set up a party called the Jana Congress, which formed the first non-Congress government in U.P. and ruled for over a year.

Hemvati Nandan Bahuguna was chief minister for Congress Party government for part of the 1970s. He was dismissed by the Central Government headed by Indira Gandhi, along with several other non-Congress chief ministers, shortly after the imposition of the unpopular Emergency, when Narain Dutt Tewari - later chief minister of Uttarakhand - became chief minister. The Congress Party lost heavily in 1977 elections, following the lifting of the Emergency, but romped back to power in 1980, when Mrs. Gandhi handpicked the man who would later become her son's principle opposition, V.P. Singh, to become Chief Minister.

On Nov 09, 2000, the Himalyan portion of the state, comprising the Garhwal and Kumaon divisions and Haridwar district, was formed into a new state, now called Uttarakhand, meaning the 'Northern Segment' state.

Ancient Indian (Bharata) cities.	North-Western Provinces, 1837	North-Western Provinces, 1857	United Provinces, 1903
Doab region in United Provinces, 1908	United Provinces, 1909

Geography

Uttar Pradesh shares an international border with Nepal and is bounded by the Indian states of Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh, Haryana, Delhi, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand and Bihar. The state can be divided into two distinct hypsographical regions:-

• The larger Gangetic Plain in the north: it includes the Ganga-Yamuna Doab; the Ghaghra plains; the Ganga plains and the Terai. It has highly fertile alluvial soils and flat topography - (slope 2 m/km) - broken by numerous ponds, lakes and rivers.
• The smaller Vindhya Hills and plateau region in the south. It is characterised by hard rock strata; varied topography of hills, plains, valleys and plateau; limited availability of water.

Climate

The climate of Uttar Pradesh is predominantly subtropical, but weather conditions change significantly with location and season.

Temperature: Depending on the elevation, the average temperatures vary from 12.5–17.5°C (54.5–63.5°F) in January to 27.5–32.5°C (81.5–90.5°F) in May and June. The highest temperature recorded in the State was 49.9°C (121.8°F) at Gonda on May 8, 1958.

Rainfall: Rainfall in the State ranges from 1,000–2,000 mm (40–80 inches) in the east to 600–1,000 mm (24–40 inches) in the west. About 90 percent of the rainfall occurs during the southwest monsoon, lasting from about June to September. With most of the rainfall concentrated during this four-month period, floods are a recurring problem and cause heavy damage to crops, life, and property, particularly in the eastern part of the state, where the Himalayan-origin rivers flow with a very low north-south gradient.

Droughts: Periodic failure of monsoons results in drought conditions and crop failure.

Snowfall: In the Himalayan region of the State, annual snowfall averaging 3 to 5 metres (10 to15 feet) is common between December and March.

Weather averages for Uttar Pradesh, India
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec
Average high °C	11	18	28	36	41	37	38	33	31	26	17	14
Average low °C	3	11	15	22	26	27	27	26	24	19	19	7
Average high °F	52	64	83	96	106	99	100	91	88	79	62	57
Average low °F	37	51	59	72	79	81	80	79	76	67	56	44
Source: www.wunderground.com[9] 2008-09-24

Constituent regions

Regions of Uttar Pradesh

The state comprises several distinct regions: -

• The Doab region which runs along UPs western border from north to south; this region is further divided into three zones:
  • The Upper Doab in the north-west,
  • The Middle Doab in the west,
    • including the Braj-bhumi in the trans-Yamuna area,
  • The Lower Doab in the south-centre,
• The Rohilkhand region in the north;
• The Awadh(or Oudh), the historic country of Kosalas in the centre;
• The northern parts of Bundelkhand in the south;
• The northern parts of Baghelkhand in the south-east; and
• The south-western part of the Bhojpur country, commonly called Purvanchal ("Eastern Province"), in the east.

Administrative divisions and districts (as in 2007)

The state of Uttar Pradesh consists of seventy districts, which are grouped into eighteen divisions: Agra Division, Aligarh Division, Allahabad Division, Azamgarh Division, Bareilly Division, Basti Division, Chitrakoot Division, Devipatan Division, Faizabad Division, Gorakhpur Division, Jhansi Division, Kanpur Division, Lucknow Division, Meerut Division, Mirzapur Division, Moradabad Division, Saharanpur Division and Varanasi Division.

The largest district in terms of area is Lakhimpur Kheri. The largest district in terms of population is Allahabad followed by Kanpur Nagar (Census 2001).

Urban centres

Major cities

A shopping mall situated on the Fatehabad Road in Agra, U.P.

Agra • Allahabad • Bareilly • Ghaziabad • Gorakhpur • Jhansi • Kanpur • Lucknow • Meerut • Noida • Varanasi (Banaras).

Other important cities

Aligarh • Azamgarh • Budaun • Bahraich • Ballia • Basti Banda • Barabanki • Bijnor • Bulandshahr • Deoband • Deoria • Etawah • Faizabad • Farrukhabad • Fatehgarh • Firozabad • Ghazipur • Gonda • Gorakhpur • Hamirpur • Kannauj • Khurja • Kushinagar • Lakhimpur kheri • Lalitpur • Mainpuri • Mahoba • Mathura • Mirzapur • Moradabad • Muzaffarnagar • Orai • Pilibhit • Pratapgarh • Raebareli • Rampur • Saharanpur • Shahjahanpur • Sitapur • Sultanpur •

Transportation

Expressway

The 2nd Yamuna Bridge

The state has a large network of multimodal transportation system: -

Airways: The state has four important airports and 23 air strips. Cities that have nationally well connected domestic airports are Agra, Kanpur, Lucknow and Varanasi. Lucknow is the biggest and most important airport of the state.(an upgradation of Bareilly's Trishul Air-base into a domestic airport is also underway.)

Railways: Almost all the major as well as smaller cities of the state are linked through railways. It has largest railway network in the country; with a total length of 8,546 km (2006), it has the sixth largest railway density.

Roadways: The state has largest road network in the country, after Maharashtra. It boasts of 31 National Highways (NH), with a total length of 4,942 km (8.5% of total NH length in India). It has seventh highest road density in India (1,027 km per 1000 km² in 2002 ) and largest surfaced urban road network in the country (50,721 km, as on 2002). Cities of Kanpur, Lucknow, Bareilly, Allahabad, Varanasi, Jhansi, Gorakhpur, Agra and Ghazipur are connected to number of National Highways. New expressways are coming up between Agra and Noida and between Noida with Ballia (near Ghazipur). State Transport company [[UPRPN](Utter Pradesh Rajya Parivahan Nigam)] serves nationalized routes in the state for intrastate and interstate transport.

Waterways: A long stretch of the river Ganges - from Allahabad (Uttar Pradesh) to Haldia (West Bengal) - has been declared as National Waterway (NW)-I and 600 km of the total NW-I lies in Uttar Pradesh.

Although the state has a large and diversified transportation network, its condition and functioning need substantial improvement.

Demographics

Uttar Pradesh is the most populous state in India with a population of over 190 million people as of July 1 2008. If it were a separate country, Uttar Pradesh would be the world's fifth most populous nation, next only to China, India, the United States and Indonesia.

As of the 2001 census of India, slightly over 80% of Uttar Pradesh population is Hindu, while Muslims make up 18% of the population. The remaining population consists of Sikhs, Buddhists, Christians and Jains.^[11].

Politics

The results of the UP assembly elections since 1989

The State Assembly (Vidhan Sabha) has 403 electoral constituencies. In the Uttar Pradesh Elections, 2007, Mayawati's Bahujan Samaj Party achieved unexpected majority status leading to her emergence as the chief minister of Uttar Pradesh. This is the first time, since 1991 victory of the Bharatiya Janata Party with a majority, that a single party has gained absolute majority; the last two decades having been mostly dominated by various coalitions among the Samajwadi Party, Bharatiya Janata Party, and the Bahujan Samaj Party. One characteristic of the BSP win in 2007 was the amalgamation of Brahmin votes into this Dalit dominated party,^[12] as opposed to the decades-old trend of deep-rooted electoral divisions in the state between Dalits, Upper Castes, Muslims and different OBC groups, which tend to vote in blocks.

Mayawati, having won 206 seats, took the oath of secrecy for the post of UP's next CM on 13 May 2007. She became Chief Minister for the fourth time. Along with her 19 cabinet rank ministers, 21 State Ministers Independent Charge were also sworn in by T. V. Rajeswar the Governor. Some of the prominent names are: Awadhpal Singh, Babu Singh Kushwaha, Badshah Singh, Nasimuddin Siddiqui, Rakesh Dhar Tripathi, Ratanlal Ahirwar and Sudhir Goyal. Former Chief Minister Mulayam Singh Yadav's Samajwadi Party stood second in State with 97 seats.

Issues

The image of politics in Uttar Pradesh has been tarnished in recent times by the extensive infiltration of people who are alleged to carry a questionable reputation or are prone to incite violence. But, in the last election, the Election Commission of India was perceived as having effectively managed to prevent booth-capturing and other abuse, through deployment of extremely strict security.

The number of criminal-politicians participating in the elections have been growing, particularly because they have been successful in the past. In the U.P. Assembly elections, 2002, candidates with criminal records won 206 out of 403 seats in the assembly, i.e. more criminals were elected than regular politicians.^[13] In 2007 elections, the participation by criminals increased significantly.

Political leadership

The state has a record of providing national leadership; eight of India's fourteen Prime Minister's were from Uttar Pradesh. They are: Jawaharlal Nehru, Lal Bahadur Shastri, Indira Gandhi, Rajiv Gandhi, Choudhary Charan Singh, Vishwanath Pratap Singh, Chandra Shekhar and Atal Behari Vajpayee, who represented a UP constituency, though he was born in Gwalior.

The contemporary political scene is also interesting in the national context. Heirs-apparent to the Nehru-Gandhi family have adopted U.P. as their home state. Congress President Sonia Gandhi represents Rae Bareli and her son Rahul Gandhi Amethi, Sultanpur. Indira Gandhi's estranged daughter-in-law Maneka Gandhi is a BJP Parliamentarian, while her son Varun Gandhi has also made his debut as a BJP politician. Other prominent politicians include BJP leader and past Human Resources Development minister Dr. Murli Manohar Joshi, SP leader and ex-Chief Minister Mulayam Singh Yadav, BSP leader and now fourth time Chief Minister Mayawati, BJP President and ex-Chief Minister Rajnath Singh, former BJP Chief Minister Kalyan Singh (now in Samajwadi camp), Rashtriya Lok Dal chief Ajit Singh and ex-Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh and later of Uttarakhand, Narayan Dutt Tiwari, Mukhtar Abbas Naqvi Ex Information & Broadcasting Minister, Govt of India, Zafar Ali Naqvi Minister of Education,UP Govt, etc.

At the lowest tier of political pyramid, the state has a large number of village councils known as Panchayats just like the other states of India.

Education

IIM Lucknow

La Martinière College

Tata Consultancy Services campus, Lucknow

The region of Uttar Pradesh had a long tradition of learning, although it had remained mostly confined to the elite class and the religious establishment. Sanskrit-based education comprising the learning of Vedic-to-Gupta periods, coupled with the later Pali corpus of knowledge and a vast store of ancient-to-medieval learning in Persian/Arabic languages, had formed the edifice of Hindu-Buddhist-Muslim education, till the rise of British power.

Aligarh Muslim University is a Residential Academic Institution. It was established in 1875 by Sir Syed Ahmed Khan and in 1920 it was granted a status of Central University by an Act of Indian Parliament. It is located in the city of Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India. Modelled on the University of Cambridge, it was among the first institutions of higher learning set up during the British Raj. Originally it was Mohammedan Anglo-Oriental College, which was founded by a great Muslim social reformer Sir Syed Ahmed Khan.

The Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur (known as IIT Kanpur or IITK) is one of the Indian Institutes of Technology, set up in the then-industrial city of Kanpur in 1960. IIT Kanpur has grown into one of the top technological institutes in India[citation needed], primarily focused on research in engineering and science, and the teaching of undergraduates.

Economy

Uttar Pradesh is the second largest state economy in India^[14] after Maharashtra, contributing 8.17% to India's total GDP.^{[citation needed]} Between 1999 and 2008, the economy grew only 4.4% per year, one of the lowest rates in India.^[15]

The major economic activity in the state is agriculture and, in 1991, 73% of the population in the state was engaged in agriculture and 46% of the state income was accounted for by agriculture. UP has retained its preeminent position in the country as a food-surplus state.^{[citation needed]}

Uttar Pradesh is home to largest number of Small Scale units in the country, with 12% of over 2.3 million units.^[16] But, industrial production, is adversely affected by erratic power supply from UP's Electricity Board and remains far below its full capacity.

• Labour efficiency is higher in UP (26) than the National Average (25).^[17]
• The state is one of the top tourist destinations in India, with more than 71 million domestic tourists (in 2003) and almost 25% of the All-India foreign tourists visiting Uttar Pradesh.^[18]

Agra was visited by more than 8 million domestic and 825,000 foreign tourists in 2006, followed by Varanasi, Lucknow, Allahabad, Vrindaban and Mathura

• Kanpur is the largest shoe-manufacturing centre in the country.
• Lucknow and NOIDA are among the top IT destinations of the country.
• Meerut is regularly listed among the top tax-paying cities in the country.^[19]
• Like in most parts of India, traders and middle-men make most of the profits while the labour class lives at subsistence level.

Culture

Picture shows the Sector-18 junction with SabMall in the background.

Architecture

Architectural legacies of the past millennia of the region of Uttar Pradesh survive to varying extent. The oldest of them fall within the purview of archeology or mythology; religious places in the State - identifiable in the narratives of Puranas and other sacred literature of Indian religions - have architectural edifices that are very old and have been built over repeatedly in course of time. Medieval kings and emperors have left imposing monuments: forts, palaces, temples and mausoleums, whose external and internal grandeur reminds of the opulence of those times. British colonial buildings, built for the administration, judiciary, hospitals, banks, postal services, police, railways etc. are still seen in most of the cities; their architecture in most cases is purely functional.

Building of Fatehpur Sikri	Decorative art and embellishment	Interior architecture	Interior design
Detail of carving	View across Fatehpur Sikri	Central pillar of Diwan-i-Khas.	Detail of Jali

Art and craft

Uttar Pradesh is famous for its rich heritage of art and craft. Most famous centres are the following: -

• Bareilly boast for its Jari work( a type of fabric decoration), Surma, Jhumka.
• Firozabad the city of bangles, is also a hub for many glass accessories. The glass artifacts produced in its factories are just amazing and are exported the world over.
• Kannauj is well known for oriental perfumes, scents and rose water and also for tobacco.
• Kanpur is internationally known for its leather craft; shoes and other leather items are made for the Indian market and exported to foreign countries as well.
• Khurja is famous for its ceramics pottery. In fact, the entire state is famous for its pottery not only in India but also around the world.
• Lucknow the capital, boasts of its cloth work and embroidery (chikan) work on silk and cotton.
• Mirzapur and Bhadohi are known for carpets.
• Moradabad is well known for its metal ware, specially brass artifacts.
• Pilibhit is known for its wood flutes and wood chappal (Khadaoo). Flutes are exported to Europe, America and other countries.
• Saharanpur is known all over India and abroad for wood carving items produced here.
• Varanasi is famous for its banarasi saris and silk. A banarasi sari is an essential part of any marriage in the state.

Language and literature

Uttar Pradesh is often referred to as the 'Hindi heartland of India'^[20] . While the languages of state administration are Hindi^[21], established by the Uttar Pradesh Official Language Act, 1951, and Urdu, established by the Amendment to the same in 1989, the native languages of the state are considered as dialects of Hindi both by the common populace as well as the state and central governmental authorities. Linguistically the state spreads across the Central, East-Central and Eastern zones of the Indo-Aryan languages, the major native languages of the state being Bhojpuri, Awadhi, Bundeli, Braj Bhasha, Kannauji and the vernacular form of Khari boli, which also forms the basis for the standardised Hindi and Urdu registers. Bagheli is spoken on the southwestern fringes of the state ^[22]. The state government promotes the native dialects in cultural festivals ^[23] - education in the dialects, however, is negligible. Moreover, the literature of the two main literary dialects of the medieval era, Braj Bhasha and Awadhi, is considered to be subsumed under Hindi literature. While once these two dialects were the main literary vehicles in the region, any progress in literature in them or any of the other native languages is negligible.

The number of speakers of the native languages is difficult to estimate because most educated people in the urban areas return Hindi as their mother tongue as it is the language of administration and education, while people in the rural areas return "Hindi" as the generic name for their language, primarily because of a lack of a linguistic awareness. Recently however, Bhojpuri has seen a linguistic assertion of sorts, while there has been weak activism with respect to Bundeli.

Dance and music

The state is home to a very ancient tradition in dance and music. During the eras of Guptas and Harsh Vardhan, Uttar Pradesh was a major centre for musical innovation. Swami Haridas was a great saint-musician who championed Hindustani classical music. Tansen, the great musician in Mughal Emperor Akbar's court, was a disciple of Swami Haridas. The ragas sung by Tansen were believed to be so powerful that they could bring rain, or light a fire, when recited.

Kathak, a classical dance form, involving gracefully coordinated movements of feet along with entire body, grew and flourished in Uttar Pradesh. Wajid Ali Shah, the last Nawab of Awadh, was a great patron and a passionate champion of Kathak. Today, the state is home to two prominent schools of this dance form, namely, Lucknow Gharana and Banaras Gharana. The Bhatkande Music University at Lucknow is named after the great musician Pandit Vishnu Narayan Bhatkhande.

In modern times, Uttar Pradesh has given to the world music legends like Anup Jalota, Baba Sehgal, Girija Devi, Gopal Shankar Misra, Hari Prasad Chaurasia, Kishan Maharaj, Naushad Ali, Pandit Ravi Shankar, Shubha Mudgal, Siddheshwari Devi, Talat Mehmood, Ustad Bismillah Khan etc. The legendary Ghazal singer Begum Akhtar belonged to Uttar Pradesh; she took this aspect of music to amazing heights. "Ae Mohabbat Tere anjaam pe rona aaya" is one of her best musical renditions of all times. It is also, incidentally, the birthplace of British pop legend Sir Cliff Richard.

The region's folk heritage includes songs called rasiya (known and especially popular in Braj), which celebrate the divine love of Radha and Shri Krishna. These songs are accompanied by large drums known as bumb and are performed at many festivals. Other folk dances or folk theater forms include: -

• Khayal
• Naqal - (mimicry)
• Nautanki
• Qawwali
• Ramlila, which includes enacting the entire Ramayana
• Raslila
• Swang

Cuisine

Uttar Pradesh has two distinct traditions of cuisine: Vegetarian and Non-vegetarian.

• A formal vegetarian meal consists of Chapattis,Rotis (Flatbread) and/or puris (deep fried puffed flatbreads), daal (thick lentil soup), rice (boiled white rice), vegetable curries (one or more of dry/fried and semi-liquid curries each), curd, pickles, papad (thin spicy crackers) and a variety of sweetmeats. It is normally served in metal dishes and traditionally eaten without the use of cutlery, sitting on the bare floor. When a large gathering is to be feasted in a traditional manner, food may also be served on disposable, flat platters (called 'pattal'), which are made by intertwining broad leaves of certain trees.
• A non-vegetarian meal consists of many varieties of meat or rice preparations that have evolved in the region and are now nationally and internationally known as the Moghlai cuisine; some of these are: kebab, kufta, korma, keema, pulao, biryani, prothas (plain or stuffed), halwa, firni etc. In addition, a selection from the above vegetarian dishes may be present among the food spread. Traditionally, food is served in metal-ware or ceramic crockery, eaten directly with bare hands or (sometimes) with spoons, sitting on the ground covered with a flooring material like cloth-sheet or carpet.

In most of the modern homes, use of Western table ware and dining table and chairs have become the norm and Western dishes are also included at times.

Biryani	Uttar Pradeshi thali with naan, sultani dal, raita, and shahi paneer	Kebabs are an important part of Uttar Pradesh's cuisine	Naan is one of the staple breads of Uttar Pradesh
The koftah is a popular main dish of Uttar Pradesh	Raita has its roots in Uttar Pradesh as well	The samosa is a popular snack from Uttar Pradesh	Paan shop

Dress

A variety of dresses are worn by the people of Uttar Pradesh and hence, the public scene is always a show of many types of dresses and many colours.

• Traditional styles of dress include draped garments, such as sari for women and dhoti or lungi for men, and stitched clothes, such as salwar kameez for women and kurta-pyjama for men.
• European-style trousers and shirts are also common among the educated men.

Dress material is chosen as per the need of the weather; hence, cotton and cotton-synthetic-mix fabrics are common in summer and warm - woollen and polyester-, acrylic-wool etc. - clothing is needed in winter, when a sweater,jacket and/or a coat may be worn, specially in peak winter.

Festivals

Religious practices are as much an integral part of everyday life, and a very public affair, as they are in the rest of India. Therefore, not surprisingly, many festivals are religious in origin, although several of them are celebrated irrespective of caste and creed. Among the most important Hindu festivals are Diwali, Holi and Vijayadasami, which are also observed with equal fervour by Jains and Sikhs. Eid al-Milad, Eid ul-Fitr, Bakr-Id and Moharram are Muslim religious festivals. Mahavir Jayanti is celebrated by Jains, Buddha Jayanti by Buddhists, Guru Nanak Jayanti by Sikhs and Christmas by the Christians.^[24]

Sports

Green Park Stadium, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh. In background river Ganges can be seen.

Presently, common sports of Uttar Pradesh are of two distinct categories: the traditional sports and the modern sports of mainly European origin.

• Traditional sports, now played mostly as a past time, include wrestling, swimming, kabaddi and track- or water-sports played according to local traditional rules and without use of modern gears; some times, display of martial skills using a sword or ‘Pata’ (stick) etc. form the basis of sports. But, due to lack of organized patronage and requisite facilities, these sports are surviving mostly as individuals' hobbies or local competitive events, e.g. in interested schools.

• Modern sports - indoor, field and track games - are popular, especially among the educated class, but the state has yet to attain alround national standing in most of them. There was a time when field hockey was immensely popular and Uttar Pradesh produced some of the finest hockey players of India, who brought glory to the nation.
• Dhyan Chand, the legendary field hockey player of India and a hero of many Olympic Games of yester years, was born on 29 August 1905, in Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh. Adolf Hitler, the Chancellor of Germany, was so impressed by Dhyan Chand's performance in the Berlin Olympic hockey-finals that he offered to elevate 'Lance Naik' Dhyan Chand to the rank of a Colonel if he migrated to Germany. Chand declined the offer.

• Hockey's popularity is now taken over by cricket. Though not renowned for it cricket team, U.P. won its first Ranji Trophy in February 2006, beating Bengal in the final. It can also boast of its 3-4 players normally finding a place in the national side.
• Green Park Stadium in Kanpur is one of the oldest cricket venues in India and has witnessed some of India's most famous victories.

Tourism

Uttar Pradesh attracts a large number of visitors both national and international. There are two regions in the state where a majority of the tourists go: -

• The city of Agra, which gives access to three World Heritage Sites: Taj Mahal, Agra Fort and the nearby Fatehpur Sikri.
  • Taj Mahal is a mausoleum built by Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan in memory of his favorite wife, Mumtaz Mahal. It is cited as "the jewel of Muslim art in India and one of the universally admired masterpieces of the world's heritage."
  • Agra Fort is about 2.5 km northwest of its much more famous sister monument, the Taj Mahal. The fort can be more accurately described as a walled palatial city.
  • Fatehpur Sikri was the world famous 16th century capital city near Agra, built by the Mughal emperor Akbar the Great, whose mausoleum in Agra is also worth a visit.
• The holiest of the holy cities of Hindus on the banks of sacred rivers Ganga and the Yamuna: Varanasi (also considered world's oldest city), Ayodhya (birth place of Lord Rama), Mathura (birth place of Lord Krishna) and Allahabad (the confluence or 'holy-sangam' of the sacred Ganga-Yamuna rivers).
• Lucknow the capital of Uttar Pradesh has wonderful monuments such as Bara Imambara and Chhota Imambara.

In Agra itself, Dayal Bagh is a temple built in modern times that many visit. It is still under construction and would take an estimated one century for completion. Its life-like carvings in marble are unique in India. Agra's dubious modern attractions include Asia's largest Spa as well as Asia's first and only 6D theatre.

Every year, thousands gather at Allahabad to take part in the festival held on the banks of the Ganges, the Magh Mela. The same festival is organised on a larger scale every 12th year and is called the Kumbha Mela, where over 10 million Hindu pilgrims congregate—the largest gathering of human beings in the world.

Varanasi is widely considered to be one of the oldest cities in the world. It is famous for its ghats (bathing steps along the river), that remain bustling year round with devotees from all over India and beyond, who want to take a holy dip in the sacred Ganges River.

Not far from Varanasi, are located the historically important towns of Sarnath and Kushinagar. Gautama Buddha gave his first sermon at Sarnath after his enlightenment and Kushinagar is where Gautama Buddha died; hence both are important pilgrimage sites for Buddhists. Also at Sarnath are the Pillars of Ashoka and the Lion Capital of Ashoka, both important archaeological artifacts with national significance. At a distance of 80 km from Varanasi, Ghazipur is famous for Ganga Ghats and Lord Kornwalis' Tomb maintained by Archeological Survey of India.

Dudhwa National Park is one of the best tiger reserves in the country. Lakhimpur Kheri - home to the Tiger Reserve - and Katerniaghat Wildlife Sanctuary - the most concentrated sanctuary in India with a large population of tigers as well as leopards - situated in Bahraich and bordering Nepal is also worth a visit.

Some areas require a special permit for non-Indians to visit.

Taj Mahal	The Great gate (Darwaza-i rauza) - gateway to the Taj Mahal.	The Tomb of Salim Chisti	Itmad-Ud-Daulah's Tomb at Agra
Amar Singh Gate at Agra Fort	Diwan-i-Khas – Hall of Private Audience at Fatehpur Sikri.	The Khas Mahal at Agra Fort	Jahangiri mahal at Agra Fort.
The five-storey Panch Mahal at Fatehpur Sikri	Buland Darwaza	Tomb of Akbar the Great	Mariam-uz-Zamani palace
Gateway to Bara Imambara	The Chhota Imambara	The Dhamekh Stupa is located in Sarnath where Gautama Buddha first taught the Dharma	Kushinagar is a town where Gautama Buddha died

See also

Regions of Uttar Pradesh

• Upper Doab
• Middle Doab
• Lower Doab
• Rohilkhand
• Awadh
• Purvanchal
• Bundelkhand
• Baghelkhand

References

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Uttar Pradesh

• Uttar Pradesh at the Open Directory Project
• The future population of India, A Long- range Demographic View
• Official website of the Government of Uttar Pradesh
• Gurudwara Guru Ka Tal, Agra, Uttar Pradesh
• A blog covering news happenings in Uttar Pradesh
• Website about Uttar Pradesh
• Uttar Pradesh Tourist Map
• Uttar Pradesh Association of North America - उत्तर प्रदेश असोसिएशन औफ़ उत्तर अमेरीका - भाषा ही जोड़ती है - Language Unites US

v • d • e States and territories of India States Andhra Pradesh · Arunachal Pradesh · Assam · Bihar · Chhattisgarh · Goa · Gujarat · Haryana · Himachal Pradesh · Jammu and Kashmir · Jharkhand · Karnataka · Kerala · Madhya Pradesh · Maharashtra · Manipur · Meghalaya · Mizoram · Nagaland · Orissa · Punjab · Rajasthan · Sikkim · Tamil Nadu · Tripura · Uttar Pradesh · Uttarakhand · West Bengal Union Territories Andaman and Nicobar Islands · Chandigarh · Dadra and Nagar Haveli · National Capital Territory of Delhi · Daman and Diu · Lakshadweep · Puducherry Disputed territories disputed territory of Pakistan · disputed territory of China