Advantage of optical fiber communication with respect to wavelength and attenuation?

Answer 1

Optical fiber communications is the use of light for communication. It works by using complete internal reflection inside a fiber. Using light has quite a few benefits: less attenuation, no crosstalk, and higher bandwidth to name a few.

To use electricity for communications you need to have two wires, one as a reference line (aka the ground) and the other where you are pushing your data onto. The result is a voltage wave traveling down a conductor. Several problems can occur:

1) There could be other E&M fields passing in the area, which will change the original voltage that you put onto the line. This is known as cross-talk or interference.

2) Since conductors are not perfect you get attenuation. The current traveling down the conductor ends up losing some of its signal by passing from the higher potential to the lower one (leakage) and by the conductor heating up. At higher frequencies (or smaller wavelengths) you get something called the skin effect, where the effective resistance of the cable increases as frequency increases. This means more loss at higher frequencies, which in the end puts a cap on how many bits you can cram onto a T.L.

Using light you don't have these problems as much. Optical fiber communications bounces light around inside a fiber (aka complete internal reflection) and the result is no crosstalk and less attenuation. You can back hundreds of fibers together and it would not make a difference. Optical fibers don't suffer from the skin effect, instead they suffer from scattering. Scattering is when the light hits some imperfection and reflects at a weird angle, resulting in less forward signal. Scattering can also occur if you bend a fiber cable too much. If you create a sharp kink in the wire, the light inside it may end up reflecting backwards rather than forwards, down the fiber.

A couple other benefits is higher bandwidth (because you can operate at higher frequencies, assuming scattering is not going to be a problem) and faster transmission. Voltages travel through materials and this means speeds slower than the speed of light. Light on the other hand is going to bounce around much faster than a voltage wave will.

In recent years that has been a big push to using optics in short communications like on individual chips because you can operate at faster speeds. This means higher clock rates and faster computers.

I hope I covered what you wanted to know, I sometimes get on small tangents.

Answer 2

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