0
Optical Communications
Optical communication is a form of telecommunication that makes use of light – the portion of electronic radiation visible to the human eye – as the transmission medium. An optical communication system includes a transmitter, a channel and a receiver.
105 Questions
What is communication with other nationality?
Communication with other nationalities involves exchanging information, ideas, and emotions across cultural and linguistic boundaries. It requires an understanding of diverse cultural norms, values, and languages to facilitate effective interaction. Such communication can enhance relationships, promote mutual respect, and foster collaboration in a globalized world. Being open-minded and adaptable is crucial for overcoming potential misunderstandings and building meaningful connections.
What do you mean by qc and tir in fiber optics communication?
In fiber optics communication, "QC" refers to "Quality Control," which involves various processes and tests to ensure that the optical fibers and components meet required performance standards. "TIR," or "Total Internal Reflection," is a principle that allows light to be transmitted through the fiber without escaping, as long as it strikes the core-cladding boundary at a specific angle. Together, these concepts are crucial for optimizing the performance and reliability of fiber optic systems.
What is an explanation of optical communication through waveguides?
Optical communication through waveguides involves the transmission of light signals along a structured medium, typically made from glass or plastic. These waveguides confine light within their boundaries using total internal reflection, allowing for efficient signal propagation over long distances with minimal loss. This technology is fundamental in fiber optic communication systems, enabling high-speed data transfer for telecommunications and internet services. Waveguides can vary in design, including fibers and integrated photonic circuits, each tailored for specific applications.
What are the important blocks of point to point links in optical communication.?
In optical communication, important blocks of point-to-point links include the light source (typically a laser), which generates the optical signal; the optical fiber, which transmits the signal over distances; and the photodetector, which converts the received optical signal back into electrical form. Additional components may include amplifiers to boost signal strength, multiplexers and demultiplexers for combining and separating multiple signals, and various types of connectors and splices for ensuring effective signal transmission. These elements work together to ensure efficient and reliable communication over optical networks.
What type of mirror would you use to allow a large area to be viewed?
To reflect the image of a large area, a convex mirror would be used. This mirror would normally be in the form of a spherical section, as the security mirrors in a store or mall. A full mirrored sphere could be used, but would not be as efficient.
What are the disadvantages of radial polarization in optics?
Some disadvantages of radial polarization in optics include limited depth of focus, reduced transverse resolution, and increased sensitivity to aberrations. Additionally, radial polarization can be more challenging to generate and manipulate compared to other polarization states.
What is interpersonal climate?
Interpersonal Climate is the overall feeling between people that arises out of the ways people communicate with each other. It is a feeling or atmosphere that we try to build in different situations.
How do optical fibers allow light to travel along a bent tube?
Optical fibers use total internal reflection to guide light along the fiber. The core of the fiber has a higher refractive index than the cladding, which causes light to continuously reflect off the core-cladding interface as it travels through the fiber. This allows light to travel along a bent path without significant loss of signal.
Does a transparent crystal have a polarizing angle?
No, a transparent crystal does not have a polarizing angle. The concept of a polarizing angle applies to polarized light passing through a medium, not the medium itself. The polarizing angle is the angle at which light is completely plane-polarized when passing through a medium.
Why will a diverging lens never produce a real image?
A diverging lens can only produce a virtual image, because the light passing through a diverging lens never converges to a point. The virtual image produced by a diverging lens is always right-side-up and smaller than the original object. The image and the object viewed are always on the same side of the lens. Diverging lenses are used as viewfinders in cameras.
When the water is rough - why can't you see a clear image?
Light rays are refracted and reflected through and from rough water as though from multiple microcosms of water with multiple and complex surfaces. The rays are refracted and reflected randomly in many directions causing images to distort chaotically and to appear unclear or unrecognizable. The distortion of the images can be so severe that only the rough surface of the water is noticeable.
What is the refractive index of diamonds?
The refractive index of diamonds is approximately 2.42. This high refractive index contributes to the diamond's brilliance and sparkle when light enters and exits the stone.
Why is there a need for an AD converter in fiber optics communication?
An analog-to-digital (AD) converter is needed in fiber optics communication to convert analog signals into digital format for processing and transmission. In digital fiber optic systems, signals are encoded as digital data bits for better noise immunity, signal integrity, and compatibility with digital processing equipment. The AD converter captures the analog signal and converts it into binary data that can be easily transmitted and interpreted in the digital domain.
The refractive index or index of refraction of a substance is a measure of the speed of light in that substance. It is expressed as a ratio of the speed of light in vacuum relative to that in the considered medium.
A simple, mathematical description of refractive index is as follows:n = velocity of light in a vacuum / velocity of light in medium
Hence, the refractive index of water is 1.33, meaning that light travels 1.33 times as fast in a vacuum as it does in water.
When do people use mime in everyday life?
People often use mime in everyday life to convey emotions, gestures, or actions without using words, such as mimicking a phone call or showing confusion without speaking. Mime can also be used in situations where speaking may be disruptive, such as in a library or during a performance.
Differences between semantics syntax and pragmatic semantics?
These are all divisions of the study of language. The differences are that semantics considers the meaning of individual words and phrases, syntax considers the evolution of language, and pragmatics considers how language is used and how those uses determine the other divisions.
Advantages of optical fiber communication system compared to conventional communication system?
# Optical fibres can carry more information as opposed to conventional cables. # Optical fibres are not affected by radio frequency interferrence # Information carried in an optical fibre can only be tapped physically (to steal information, the thief has to work on the optical fibre so that the light will travel to the thief)
What is Relationship between electrical and optical bandwidth for an optical fiber communication?
The electrical bandwidth refers to the frequency range that the electronic components in the communication system can handle, while optical bandwidth refers to the frequency range that the optical fiber can transmit. The relationship between the two bandwidths is important in ensuring that the data transmission is efficient and reliable. Matching the electrical and optical bandwidths helps to avoid signal degradation and distortion in the communication system.
What are the job responsibilities of a fresher computer engineer?
They are the people that draw out the blueprints of the computer and make it.
Why bandwidth is more in optical communication?
Bandwidth of an optical fiber determines the data rate.
What are the disadvantages of optical fiber communication system?
fiber optic cables are sensitive to design irregularity and and their cost is high.
Project Proposal
Description:
Proposals are directed toward a potential sponsor, such as your future boss, a funding agency, etc. to briefly outline
- the specific objectives of project,
- technical approach to be used in solving the problem or developing the product and
- the anticipated results of the project
and should answer the following questions:
- Is the problem sufficiently important to justify money, company time, and your effort?
- Is the project well defined and realistic?
- Have you outlined a sound approach, including your ability to perform the tasks?
Estimated Length:
10 pages plus Appendices
The body should carry the main message, while the appendices contain supporting information, data backing up your claims in the body, and detailed calculations which may be of importance to some readers who require additional details. If the appendix does not contribute to the overall document, don't put it in. You as the writer have to make the decision on what should be included or not. Try putting yourself in the position of the reader: an intelligent, lay person.
What is a Project Proposal?
A project proposal is written, to make an offer and to try to convince a supervisor or a future customer to accept it. In a project proposal you state that, in exchange for time and/or money, you will give them something that they want (an analysis of a procedure, for example), make something they desire (a prototype of a new product), or do something they wish to have done (redesign an existing structure). In other words, you are asking a decision-maker to invest a resource, (time or money or both), so that the project you propose can be completed, and your readers, whether a future supervisor within your own organization, or your client for your project, will invest their resources carefully. Therefore, it is crucial that your proposal answers questions your readers may have about what you propose to them. For example, the most important question your proposal readers will want answered is how does your proposal relate to them? In other words, what problem will it solve, what need will it address, and why is it important to them? Secondly, your proposal readers would like to know exactly what you are proposing to make or do, and how it relates to the problem you are describing. In other words, they will want to be convinced that you have a plausible solution procedure to the problem, and to know what this solution procedure involves. Your readers would also like to know exactly what they would be getting from a given project, and how much these deliverables will cost. Further, they would like to be assured of your capability to analyze and solve your project's problem, and produce the deliverables that you claim you will produce. A successful project proposal identifies and answers all of the above needs. In order to respond to those needs, a project proposal usually should include the following components:
A Title Page, which lists a brief descriptive title of your project, the names, titles and addresses of the individual(s) to whom the proposal is being submitted, the names, titles, and phone numbers of the individual(s) submitting the proposal, and the date of submission. Title Pages may also include additional information such as the proposed starting date of the project, the proposed project duration and completion date, and the cost of the project or amount of funding required.
A Table of Contents, which lists each of the main sections of the proposal, and the beginning page numbers for each section.
An Executive Summary, which provides a brief (about one page) overview of the proposed project. This is probably the most important section of your proposal, because it provides a clearly defined problem and proposed solution procedure, and a description of the expected project deliverables. The Executive Summary is often the only section of your proposal that some readers will read; and must present all the relevant information as clearly and effectively as possible. It is often the last thing to be written.
An Introduction, which provides more complete background of the project than the Executive Summary, and which indicates your knowledge of the organization, the current situation existing in the organization, and the problem itself.
Project Goals and Objectives, which serve to establish the scope and boundaries of the project in the form of functional specifications. If possible, this section should have quantifiable measures of performance. For example, "This project seeks to cut the maintenance costs by at least 20%" or, "The equipment will run for at least 2 hours on 4 AA size batteries."
Team Organizational Structure. This section provides a summary of the group's qualifications for the project. Identify key personnel and describe directly related education and experience. Also include each member's responsibility for the duration of the project. An organizational chart to identify the specific areas of responsibility of each team member may be appropriate.
Your Solution Procedure, which identifies the approach that the team will use to meet the project objectives. You should explain here your principal tasks, their duration, their sequence and their particular purposes. Wherever possible, the methods and task to be performed should be outlined in logical sequence and explained in detail. Do not assume the reviewer will fill in the gaps in your logic. Part of the Solution Procedure will be a proposed schedule. A common way of identifying project milestones and due dates is to use a graphic representation of the task relationships, such as a Gantt Chart (a bar chart showing timeliness for each principal task) or a PERT/CPM Chart (a network representation of the project that shows the sequential relationship between project activities). The Solution Procedure should also describe the relevant instrumentation and facilities required to complete the research or product development. The Solution Procedure should include a budget that estimates the anticipated R&D costs over the life of the project. Wherever possible, provide sufficient commentary on the budget to facilitate understanding by all parties involved.
Your Expected Deliverables, which should provide the reader with a description of the products and/or services they can expect from your efforts such as documents, equipment and software. Wherever possible, emphasize the ways in which your project deliverables will enhance the client's operations.
A Summary and Closing section, which briefly recaps the key points of the proposal. Summarize the current problem, the steps you propose to take to solve the problem, and the benefits to the client.
Tips for Writing Your Project Proposal
An effective proposal will identify and meet the needs of your readers by first considering what they will expect to learn from the proposal, and by then providing that information clearly and effectively. Your final grade for your proposal will be based on how well you have been able to do this, using the guidelines provided. Therefore, while writing your proposal, remember to:
Imagine yourself in your readers' position and ask if it answers all of your questions. Your client would like to know that you can provide a sound and concrete technical solution to the problem, along with a clear procedure for arriving at such a solution. They will also want to know that you can offer realistic and reasonable costing with demonstrated financial responsibility, and realistic and reasonable timing with intelligent and thoughtful planning.
Take into consideration that there are other possible solutions to the problem at hand, and examine the strengths and weaknesses of those alternative solutions.
Keep in mind that effective professional communication should promote goodwill between you and your client. Present an effective plan for communicating with your client, and promise quality control and reliability checks on work in progress.
Check spelling, grammar and punctuation before printing out the final draft of your proposal, and be sure that the final draft appears as a professional document, free of errors.
Make sure the proposal is paginated properly, and is also reader-friendly. In other words, is it laid out effectively, can a reader spot new sections easily, does it look professional, etc.?
Be candid and state where problems exist. Factual rather than promotional information is required.
Note that writing style varies depending on the writer and the intended reader. However following are often true:
Diversity of sentence structure is desirable to stimulate reader's interest, but should not unnecessarily add to the length or should not confuse the reader.
Your written proposal and future reports should emphasize the concise documentation of a technical, complex engineering activity.
Lack of needed information cannot be covered up by confusing statements.
Use concise sentences; nouns should not be I, we, there, it, this, etc.
Proposal Evaluation Criteria
Problem Statement:
Does the proposal show a clear understanding of the problem and company background?
Objectives:
Are the objectives clearly stated and measurable? Is there a clear relationship between the objectives and a solution to the problem?
Approach:
Does the proposal have a detailed description of what steps need to be taken to achieve success? Is there a justification of why the various steps are needed? Are project milestones established?
Deliverables:
Are deliverables clearly stated? Does the customer know what to expect at the conclusion of the project?
Resources:
Does the team have the resources, time, equipment, supplies etc. needed for the successful completion of the project?
Overall Impression:Is the proposal presented in a professional way? Would you fund this proposal if you were the customer?
What is attenuation in communication?
loss of signal strength as distance increases The reduction of signal energy during transmission.
