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"Carbine", "rifle", and even "submachinegun" really come down to how the manufacturer and the user describe them. In the case of the CAR-15 and M4, they're shortened forms of the M16 rifle, so why they're considered carbines is quite easy to understand. Much different story in the case of the Chinese, who manufacture two firearms designated the Type 56 - the Type 56 carbine, which is the SKS rifle, and the Type 56 rifle, which is the AK rifle. In spite of the SKS being longer than the AK (both in barrel and in overall length), the SKS is designated as the carbine to the Chinese. One possible reason may be that, compared to the standard service weapons of the time - which were generally bolt action or semi-automatic rifles firing full power cartridges - the intermediate 7.62x39 cartridge and comparatively shorter length of the SKS vs. standard service rifles at the time made it a carbine, comparatively. Then there's a case of the HK53 - a shortened form of the HK33 (itself, a scaled down version of the G3), firing the 5.56x45 cartridge. By most standards, it would be considered a carbine. But the manufacturer designated it as a submachinegun.

So it's really a simple matter of what the manufacturer wishes to call it. The M16, had it been applied in its intended role, would probably have been considered a carbine. The M16 was originally intended to replace the M1 and M2 carbine, with the AR-10 accompanying it as a standard service rifle to replace the M1 Garand.

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Q: How can you tell the difference from carbine or rifle barrels?
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