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What is the advantage of restriction enzyme sites being palindromic?
Wiki User
∙ 12y ago
This condition results in a doubling of the possibility "for a specific bio-molecular 'hit'."
Wiki User
∙ 12y ago
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Which Restriction enzyme are studied in Recombinant DNA Technology?
It's not the restriction enzymes that are studied, its the DNA. The enzyme cuts or "restricts" the DNA strand at a known sequence of nucleotides. Different enzyme, different sequence. For a Biomanufacturing application, where we want to insert foreign DNA, the gene of interest is cut and spliced with a restriction enzyme into a recombinant plasmid, transformed into a bacteria, and sent merrily on it's way to make Insulin, or whatever. With an unknown piece of DNA (a functional gene that makes a protein of interest or is being studied), the plasmid has "restriction sites" or nucleotide sequences, for several restriction enzymes, all of which I have mapped out. The unknown piece of DNA is cut at each end by a single restriction enzyme and inserted into the plasmid, which gives me some landmarks. I insert the plasmid into a bacteria, grow a culture so the bacteria makes many millions of copies of the plasmid, extract the plasmid, and run an experiment called a restriction digest. The restriction digests are a series of reaction with single enzyme and combinations of two and three enzymes, all cutting the plasmid at different nucleotide sequences. Then I run an agarose gel electrophoresis, which separates all the different pieces of DNA by size, and do an analysis called a Restriction Map. This counts the DNA fragments and their sizes, which enzyme and combination of enzymes produced which sizes and how many fragments, which enzyme cuts where, which cuts were definitely in the known part of the plasmid, which were probably in the unknown DNA, adding up nucleotide sequence numbers to make sure different mapping guesses agree, etcetera, etcetera, and so forth. Until at last, a map of the size and restriction sites of the unknown DNA insert into the known plasmid vector is deduced. This used to be done by hand, but there are computer programs that do it now. This is Research, the Technology is down the line a few steps when the gene has been characterized, the protein produced has been characterized, the trials are done, and the restriction enzyme to insert the gene into the bacteria for Bioman has been established
Function of restriction enzymes?
They cut strands of DNA at specific sites.
How do bacteria defend themselves against phages?
Restriction modification systems, CRISPR defense, physical barriers such as the excretion of mucus or formation of complex outer-membrane sugar structures to block phage adsorption, and modifications of phage receptors are just some.
What happens when an enzyme is renatured?
Do you mean denatured? Form is function in an enzyme and if heat or acidity denatures an enzyme the function of the enzyme is compromised. Certain R group bonds being br5oken will denature the enzyme and give it a different conformation.
What happens to the affinity between the substate and enzyme when the enzyme becomes denatured?
Affinity decreases as the enzyme's geometry is modified by being denatured. It will no longer properly fit the active site.
Is topoisomerases belong to restriction enzymes?
Topoisomerase is not a restriction enzyme but an enzyme that keeps unwound DNA from tangling while it is being replicated.
What determines how DNA will be cut by a restriction enzyme?
Restriction enzymes cut DNA at specific sites called restriction sites. These restriction sites are typically 6 - 8 nucleotides in length and have a defined set of nucleotide bases. For example, the restriction enzyme Eco R1 cuts at the site: AGGTTC. Therefore, if the target DNA contains the above sequence, Eco R1 is able to cut it within the restriction site. Hence, by looking into the target site and which restriction enzymes are being used, on can make an accurate estimate of where the target DNA will be cut
What is a palindromic number and a cube number?
343 is the palindromic and cube number.7*7*7=3437 is being times three times by itself to get this palindromic and cube number.Also 1331 is a palindromic and cube number.11*11*11=133111 is being times three times by itself to get this palindromic and cube number.
What is palindromicity?
Palindromicity is the state or quality of being palindromic.
How can a bacterium produce restriction enzymes that do not cleave its DNA?
In order to protect the bacterial genomic DNA from its own restriction enzymes, bacterial cells employ a system, wherein methyl transferases methylate certain bases on the DNA sequence, making them unrecognizable to the restriction enzymes.Each restriction enzyme has a methylase associated with it on the chromosome. This methylase puts methyl groups on the host DNA, and the restriction enzyme doesn't recognize its recognition sequence when it is so methlyated. The host DNA is thus protected from the actions of its own restriction enzyme.Incoming (foreign) DNA is unlikely to be protected (methylated) in the same manner, thus this invading DNA is digested by the hosts restriction enzyme(s).When working in cloning experiments, the principle is the same -- DNA to be digested is carried by a plasmid in a host that does not methylate DNA in the pattern that would cause the restriction enzyme to see it as protected, thus it is cut. DNA generated by PCR is similarly unmethylated, and is therefore also digested.Some enzymes won't cut DNA isolated from dam+ or dcm+ hosts (two common bacterial methylases), thus one must know the genotype of the host cloning strain if using a restriction enzyme whose action is blocked by dam ordcmmethylation.
Which Restriction enzyme are studied in Recombinant DNA Technology?
It's not the restriction enzymes that are studied, its the DNA. The enzyme cuts or "restricts" the DNA strand at a known sequence of nucleotides. Different enzyme, different sequence. For a Biomanufacturing application, where we want to insert foreign DNA, the gene of interest is cut and spliced with a restriction enzyme into a recombinant plasmid, transformed into a bacteria, and sent merrily on it's way to make Insulin, or whatever. With an unknown piece of DNA (a functional gene that makes a protein of interest or is being studied), the plasmid has "restriction sites" or nucleotide sequences, for several restriction enzymes, all of which I have mapped out. The unknown piece of DNA is cut at each end by a single restriction enzyme and inserted into the plasmid, which gives me some landmarks. I insert the plasmid into a bacteria, grow a culture so the bacteria makes many millions of copies of the plasmid, extract the plasmid, and run an experiment called a restriction digest. The restriction digests are a series of reaction with single enzyme and combinations of two and three enzymes, all cutting the plasmid at different nucleotide sequences. Then I run an agarose gel electrophoresis, which separates all the different pieces of DNA by size, and do an analysis called a Restriction Map. This counts the DNA fragments and their sizes, which enzyme and combination of enzymes produced which sizes and how many fragments, which enzyme cuts where, which cuts were definitely in the known part of the plasmid, which were probably in the unknown DNA, adding up nucleotide sequence numbers to make sure different mapping guesses agree, etcetera, etcetera, and so forth. Until at last, a map of the size and restriction sites of the unknown DNA insert into the known plasmid vector is deduced. This used to be done by hand, but there are computer programs that do it now. This is Research, the Technology is down the line a few steps when the gene has been characterized, the protein produced has been characterized, the trials are done, and the restriction enzyme to insert the gene into the bacteria for Bioman has been established
How can bacterium produce restriction enzymes that do not cleave it's DNA?
Restriction enzymes cleave DNA at a particular recognition site -- a particular sequence of nucleotides. You can imagine the following scenarios:1. The bacterial chromosome does not contain the recognition sequence2. The bacterial chromosome contains the recognition sequence, but that particular part of the DNA is either supercoiled to keep the restriction enzyme from finding the sequence, or it's single stranded as when being replicated or transcribed.3. The bacterial chromosome contains the recognition sequence, but that particular part of the DNA is methylated or modified in some other way which prevents the restriction enzyme from attaching.
Function of restriction enzymes?
They cut strands of DNA at specific sites.
How many palindromic numbers are there between 1000 and 1100?
If you think about the digits, you can rewrite them as ABBA, with A being one digit and B being another: A can be 1-9 and B can be 0-9. Since A has to be 1, B can be 0-9, leaving 10 palindromic numbers.
Is a substrate an enzyme?
NO. The enzyme acts on the substrate. The substrate is the chemical/compound being altered by the action of the enzyme. They are NOT the same.
How do bacteria defend themselves against phages?
Restriction modification systems, CRISPR defense, physical barriers such as the excretion of mucus or formation of complex outer-membrane sugar structures to block phage adsorption, and modifications of phage receptors are just some.
What enzyme speeds up a chemical reaction is known as?
All enzyme's are catalysts for certain chemical reactions. Each enzyme will only work with a certain substrate one analogy being that the enzyme is a key and the substrate is a keyhole, and each enzyme has a unique enzyme.
