Beta decay occurs when a neutron essentially spontaneously turns into a proton and emits an electron (beta particle). This results in the atomic number of the original nucleus increasing by one, but the Atomic Mass remains the same.
In beta minus decay, a neutron is converted into a proton. A link can be found below to a related question with a descriptive answer, and there is another link there as well.
A neutron is converted into a proton during beta decay
Beta particle
Beta decay involves changing an up quark into a down quark (Beta+) or a down quark into an up quark (Beta-). This causes a neutron to change into a proton (Beta-) and emit a W- boson which decays into a beta particle (electron and electron antineutrino), or, with extra energy, it causes a proton to change into a neutron (Beta+) which emits a beta particle (positron and electron neutrino). Quarks are involved because protons and neutrons are comprised of quarks in sets of three, two up quarks and one down quark to form a proton, and two down quarks and one up quark to form a neutron.
The brief answer is that the transformation is radioactive decay. Alpha and beta (+ and -) decay are decay modes for different isotopes of different elements. There are a number of examples of each type of decay.
radiation
Because an alpha particle is bigger than a helium or hydrogen atom.
emit a beta particle
The atomic nucleus can emit beta particles (beta radiation). A neutron emits a beta particle when it decays into a proton, and anti-neutrino, and an electron (which becomes the beta particle).
Beta particle
Yes, it is possible; example - 224Ac.
electron or beta particle
Usually when isotopes undergo beta decay they emit an electron, but some isotopes emit a positron instead. This depends on the relative number of neutrons to protons in the isotope which type of beta particle is emitted. An excess of neutrons leads to the emission of an electron, while an excess of protons leads to the emission of a positron.
Beta decay involves changing an up quark into a down quark (Beta+) or a down quark into an up quark (Beta-). This causes a neutron to change into a proton (Beta-) and emit a W- boson which decays into a beta particle (electron and electron antineutrino), or, with extra energy, it causes a proton to change into a neutron (Beta+) which emits a beta particle (positron and electron neutrino). Quarks are involved because protons and neutrons are comprised of quarks in sets of three, two up quarks and one down quark to form a proton, and two down quarks and one up quark to form a neutron.
An electron - also referred to as a beta particle.
The brief answer is that the transformation is radioactive decay. Alpha and beta (+ and -) decay are decay modes for different isotopes of different elements. There are a number of examples of each type of decay.
It emits a "beta particle," which is simply an electron. Cf-251's nucleus contains 153 neutrons. One of them spontaneously becomes a proton and an electron. The new proton bumps up its atomic number by 1, so it becomes Es-251. The overall mass is unchanged. The electron, or beta particle, is ejected from the nucleus. This is called beta decay.
radiation
The equation for the beta decay of 60Co is: 2760Co --> 2860Ni + -10e where the -10e is a negative beta particle or electron.