There are over 25 different Islamic Empires that have been considered a "Caliphate" of one form or another, not just three. If perhaps, the question intends to ask about the most famous three Caliphates, the Rashidun, Umayyad, and Abbassid Caliphates, these were located in the Middle East and extending across North Africa and Iberia. Other Caliphates generally fit in the same set of areas as well as extending down the African East Coast, Sahelian Africa, the Indian Subcontinent, and the Indonesian Archipelago.
Typically, the official language in the Caliphates was Arabic, but there were several Caliphates in Persia, Central Asia, and India which did not use Arabic as their official language. The Ottoman Empire also used Turkish.
A caliphate is a form of Islamic government led by a caliph, who is considered a religious and political leader. Historically, caliphates have been located in various regions, including the Arabian Peninsula, North Africa, and parts of Europe and Asia, particularly during the Umayyad and Abbasid caliphates. In contemporary discussions, the term has been used to describe areas under the control of groups like ISIS, which declared a caliphate in parts of Iraq and Syria in 2014. However, the concept of a caliphate is more ideological than geographically fixed.
The one that came right after it and conquered the Iberian peninsula was the Umayyad caliphate. The Umayyad Caliphate was in turn replaced by the Abbassid, Fatimid, Aghlabid, Idrissid, Buyid, Ayyubid, and numerous other Caliphates.
The Islamic Caliphates provided much of the basic science that the European Scientific Revolution used as grounding for its scientific discoveries. Other than that, the Scientific Revolution itself did not involve the Islamic Caliphates or Islamic Empires in the slightest.
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The three counties located on the Malay Peninsula are Malaysia, Singapore, and Thailand.
APEX: Science and technology flourished in Islamic caliphates but declined in Western Europe.
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"Islamic" means that it is related to the religion called "Islam". Such countries had, and still have, a population which, in their majority, was islamic.
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Dubai. that is where it is.