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Following The Spanish Inquisition, many Sephardic Jews returned to the Middle East. The main causes were fleeing persecution in central and eastern Europe, fleeing persecution during the Crusades, Fleeing Spain after the Spanish Inquisition and joining the Ottoman army as Janissaries.

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When Spain expelled the Jews in 1492, the Ottoman Empire welcomed those refugees who could make it that far. The result was a wave of Sephardic settlers from Ottoman Palestine north through Turkey and into the Balkans (at the time, that was all part of the Ottoman Empire). So, in the 16th through 19th centuries, the majority of Jews in Palestine were Sephardic, outnumbering the older Jewish communities of the land. The large centers of Jewish settlement were Hebron, Jerusalem and Safed. Then, after Israeli independece in 1948, life for Jews in Arab lands became very uncomfortable. In some cases, there were deliberate policies aimed to force refugees into Israel, in other cases, simply rioting and violence drove Jews to flee. The fall of French North Africa also contributed more Jewish refugees, mostly Sephardic. The net result was that most Jews in Israel today are of Sephardic, North African or Iraqi descent.

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Q: Why did sephardic jews return to middle east centuries ago?
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