The essences of Protestantism are the same as those of the Roman Catholic Church. However, there are some rites and practices that are not permitted in many Protestant Churches.
The sale of Indulgences was a practice that the Catholic Church said provided absolution of sins. Martin Luther's opposition to this practice led to the reform movement and the start of Protestantism.
The Catholic Church holds that absolution of sins is also obtained by confessing the sins to a priest, who will intercede with God and grant absolution. Protestant Churches believe that the faithful can pray to God for forgiveness, so no confession to a priest is necessary.
Catholics can say prayers to saints, asking them to intercede with God. These prayers are often made before a statue or picture of the saint. Many Protestant Churches oppose this practice because they believe that God is everywhere and does not need an intercessor. Also they believe that praying before statues could be construed as idolatry.
The modern Catholic Church holds that its leader, the Pope, is infallible on matters of faith and doctrine. The founders of the Protestant Churches refused to accept this claim.
A recent survey found over 30,000 worldwide organizations or buildings claiming to be 'Christian' with there being varying degrees of difference from slight to some major differences within their government and interpretations of Scripture.
The Roman Catholic Church (Latin Church) in the West split with the Orthodox Catholic Church of the East in 1054 AD with a major difference in 'government' with the West having an 'infallible' Pope and the East having an 'autochephalous' (self headed Churches) with a Patriarch of Constantinople who is 'primus inter parus' or first amongst equals having no authority over other churches except those in Constantinople. Jesus is the head of their church with their church as the body.
In the 16th century, a once Catholic Martin Luther, who many see as the founder of Protestantism, seemingly rebelled against some of the Roman Catholic Church practices (transubstantiation, indulgences, Papal infallibility...). But in the view of many, he continued on with many of the basic teachings of the Catholic Church creating what some have called a 'hodgepodge' of different ideas which would eventually lead to others selectively interpreting Scripture and starting their own denominations.
But The Bible predicts these breakaway churches called 'daughters' with one day in the not too distant future be reunited with the 'mother' or largest church - the Catholic Church centered in Rome. One can easily see the lack of interest by many in the English-speaking countries in actually reading their Bibles or going to a church where a minister will actually 'feed' the sheep. Selective, feel good passages of Scripture are presented only making many confused, divided and ignorant of what the inspired word of God is trying to tell them. This unification will be a major sign of the 2nd Coming of Christ to establish the Kingdom of God on Earth with Him as the Head.
Roman Catholic Chuch
The list of prohibited books was called the Index.
I am assuming that you are asking for a list of prohibited books issued by the Catholic Church, not on. Further, it's just Catholic, not Roman Catholic. Roman is an epithet first commonly used in England after the protestant revolt to describe the Catholic Church. It is never used by the official Catholic Church. The last Index of Prohibited Books was issued in 1948 and the entire Index was abolished by Pope Paul VI in 1966. You may see the 1948 Index at the link below.
Non-Catholic Christians are either from the Orthodox Church or from one of the numerous Protestant denominations.
The list of prohibited books was called the Index.
The Pope prohibited Henry VIII a divorce; so he "divorced" the Roman Catholic Church and established the Church of England.
The word 'catholic' simply means 'universal'. Hence the Roman Catholic Church means the universal Church of Jesus Christ which has its centre at the Vatican, Rome. The 'catholic' church, however, (with a small 'c') means the universal Church of Jesus Christ throughout the world, consisting of all denominations, Roman Catholic as well as all protestant churches as well.
The Act of Settlement 1701 requires that the monarch "join in communion with the Church of England", which effectively means they can't be Roman Catholic.
There is no "Roman" Catholic Church: Roman is an epithet first commonly used in England after the protestant revolt to describe the Catholic Church. It is rarely used by the Catholic Church. The Chaldean Catholic Church is part of the Catholic Church.
In the Apostle's Creed the Methodist (and other Protestant denominations) declare: "I believe in the Holy Spirit, the holy catholic church, ...". In this context, the term "holy catholic church" (note the lower case "c" not upper case "C") refers to the universal church not the Roman Catholic Church. The universal church is a term for the larger Christian community (including Catholics, Protestant denominations, etc.). And likewise, the Nicene Creed reads similarly with "We believe in one holy catholic and apostolic Church".
The Roman Catholic Church is a type of Christian Church.
The Dominant religion of Mexico is the Roman Catholic Faith. Even there are more christian denominations and other religions present. The catholic church is the dominant one.