In general starters do not have torque specifications. You will want to tighten the starter as tight as you can without breaking the starter bolts.
Its a starter that has a set of gears between the motor and the starter pinion which allows higher-speed, lower-current, lighter and more compact motor assembly while increasing cranking torque.
Yes, it has a cranking system called a starter.
The armature bushings inside the starter motor are probably shot. Time to replace the starter.
most likely a failing starter
no it needs only moderate torque starter.
more than likely u fried the starter solenoid
That all depends on if you abuse the starter by cranking too long. I have 170,000 on original starter.
Voltage flow into a starter motor, never out of it. Use the voltmeter to measure the voltage at the starter motor before starting to crank and then whilst it is cranking. (Before cranking, the voltage appears across the starter motor relay only.)
It was the starter
Discharged battery.
The starter drive is shot. Replace the starter and hope the ring gear isn't damaged.
An automotive starter is a high torque motor that generally works until it just quits. Heat generated from hard (long) starts shortens the life. Mis starts, grinding teeth, slow cranking and spinning free are indicators