IgG
Negative 5 IU/ml or under
Borderline retest 5-9 IU/ml
Positive 10 IU/ml or more
IgM
Negative 0.89 IV
Borderline retest 0.90-1.09 IV
Positive 1.10 IV or more
Reference ranges may be slightly different from lab to lab and country to country.
Vaccination introduces foreign antigen and the body responds by producing antibodies for that specific antigen. So overall levels of antibody may not considerably increase, but antibodies specific for that antigen will increase dramatically.
"Rubella intermediate" typically refers to a classification in serological testing for rubella virus immunity or infection. It indicates that the test results are borderline or inconclusive, suggesting that the levels of rubella antibodies are neither clearly positive nor negative. This may require further testing or clinical correlation to determine the individual's immunity status or need for vaccination.
It is not normal to have a test to detect the level of chickenpox virus in your blood. There is a high level of chickenpox virus in your blood early in the infection. I suspect that you're asking about chickenpox antibody levels in your blood. High levels of antibodies to varicella zoster virus indicates immunity, whether through previous infection or through vaccination.
The reason why any vaccine needs to be given more than once (excepting the flu vaccine, which changes every year) is that researchers have found the each vaccination will only increase antibody levels by a certain percentage. Repeated "booster" shots increase this antibody production throughout adolescence to attain the optimal level of antibodies considered effective against that disease.
checking antibody levels
Antibodies increase in response to the presence of pathogens, such as viruses or bacteria, as part of the immune system's adaptive response. When the body detects these invaders, B cells are activated, leading to the production of antibodies that specifically target the pathogens. This process can also occur after vaccination, where exposure to a harmless form of the pathogen prompts the immune system to generate a defensive antibody response. Additionally, increased antibody levels can indicate an ongoing infection or immune response to disease.
Public health strategies to reduce the incidence of measles primarily focus on vaccination campaigns, particularly the administration of the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine. By achieving high levels of immunization coverage in the population, herd immunity is established, which protects those who cannot be vaccinated. Additionally, public health education initiatives raise awareness about the importance of vaccination and the dangers of measles, while surveillance systems help monitor outbreaks and respond swiftly to contain them.
Antisera is given to patients because it contains specific antibodies to the tetanus toxin. By binding, antibody to toxin, the toxin is neutralized. Otherwise, the toxin will cause tetanic musscle contractions seen in patients. This antisera causes a much faster response than the toxoid that is used as a vaccination. In this senario, a innactive form of the tetanus toxin (which is a toxoid) is introduced to healthy individuals. This toxoid causes the body (specifically B-cells) to produce antibodies and most importantly memory cells. Individuals who have circulating levels of antibody are considered immune to tetanus because the body will combat the pathogen before it has a chance to produce toxins.
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If exposed to the same pathogen for the second time in a year, the antibody levels against the organism will increase more rapidly and to a higher level than during the first exposure. This is due to the presence of memory B cells that can quickly produce antibodies upon re-exposure to the pathogen.
Elevated monocyte levels on an antibody test could indicate an active infection, inflammation, or an immune system response to a recent illness or vaccination. It's important to consult a healthcare provider for further evaluation and appropriate management.