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The Germanic peoples who invaded the western part of the Roman Empire formed their own kingdoms in its former lands: the Kingdom of the Vandals in north-western Africa, the Visigoth Kingdom in south-western France, Spain and Portugal, the Burgundian Kingdom in eastern France, and the Frankish Kingdom in Holland south of the river Rhine, Belgium, and northern and central France.

The Franks then developed the most powerful kingdom. They took over Alemannic possessions north-eastern France (Alsace) and Switzerland and their homeland in southern Germany (which had been outside the Roman Empire). They pushed Visigoths out of south-western France. They also conquered the Burgundian kingdom in eastern France. Thus, they conquered the whole of Gaul as well as southern Germany.

Later, Charlemagne, a Frankish king, conquered northern and central Italy, the southern side of the Pyrenees Mountains is Spain, Bavaria, Austria, Slovenia and northern Germany and in 800 he created the Carolingian empire. This empire covered most of Western Europe. However, the succession system of the Franks created continuous warfare in this empire. All the sons of the emperor inherited the empire, which was partitioned among them. This led to disputes between the sons and sometimes even between father and sons. Other close relatives also got involved. Thus, the Carolinian empire experienced wars at each succession. As a consequence it lasted only 88 years as the dynasty died out. The effects of this were devastating. It led to the emergence of feudalism. The central state was weakened by the wars and the fighting aristocrats came to rely on the minor aristocrats and knights for military support. In exchange they gave them feuds, ownership of tracts rural land. These people became a class of landlords and their military power was considerable. There was also encastlement. This refers to retreating to the countryside and protecting it by building castes.

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