Islamic caliphates consolidated and maintained power through a combination of military conquest, strategic alliances, and administrative efficiency. They established a centralized governance structure that integrated diverse populations, promoting the spread of Islam as both a religion and a unifying cultural force. The use of Islamic law (Sharia) helped legitimize their rule, while trade and economic stability bolstered their authority. Additionally, they employed diplomacy and integration of local customs to foster loyalty among conquered peoples.
"Islamic" means that it is related to the religion called "Islam". Such countries had, and still have, a population which, in their majority, was islamic.
The Islamic Caliphates provided much of the basic science that the European Scientific Revolution used as grounding for its scientific discoveries. Other than that, the Scientific Revolution itself did not involve the Islamic Caliphates or Islamic Empires in the slightest.
APEX: Promote Islamic scholarship in their territories.
Islamic caliphates did not universally destroy other religions; instead, their approach varied depending on the time, place, and specific rulers. In many regions, they allowed religious pluralism and granted certain protections to non-Muslim communities, such as Christians and Jews, in exchange for a tax called jizya. However, there were instances of conflict and persecution, particularly during periods of expansion or when political power was contested. Overall, the legacy of Islamic caliphates includes both coexistence and conflict, reflecting a complex historical relationship with other religions.
APEX: Science and technology flourished in Islamic caliphates but declined in Western Europe.
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Arab Traders were responsible for proselytizing Islam beyond the borders of the various Caliphates, allowing for the peaceable expansion of Islam and, therefore, the Islamic World.
Islam was primarily spread by the Islamic Caliphates, which were Islamic Empires that conquered many territories. Once those territories were conquered, the lower-class status for Non-Muslims prompted wide-scale conversion. Merchants also spread the religion to many regions outside of the Caliphates.
The rise of Islamic caliphates significantly transformed conquered lands in Asia, Africa, and Europe through the spread of Islam and the establishment of new political and social systems. This led to the flourishing of trade, science, and culture, as the caliphates promoted intellectual exchange and infrastructure development. Additionally, the integration of diverse populations fostered a rich cultural synthesis, influencing language, art, and philosophy across these regions. However, the imposition of Islamic governance and law also resulted in varying degrees of resistance and adaptation among local populations.
Both societies were unified by shared religious traditions.
There are over 25 different Islamic Empires that have been considered a "Caliphate" of one form or another, not just three. If perhaps, the question intends to ask about the most famous three Caliphates, the Rashidun, Umayyad, and Abbassid Caliphates, these were located in the Middle East and extending across North Africa and Iberia. Other Caliphates generally fit in the same set of areas as well as extending down the African East Coast, Sahelian Africa, the Indian Subcontinent, and the Indonesian Archipelago.