Evolution

No. The dinosaurs rose in the Mesozoic era. The end of the Mesozoic era was also the end of the dinosaurs. The era following is the Cenozoic, which we are still in today.

A lion is naturally selected, at least in the wild. Dogs are selectively breed.

Individuals suited to the struggle for existence will survive and reproduce better than individuals not so suited. Differential reproductive success is just another name for evolution by natural selection.

Natural selection explains adaptive change in the immediate environment.

Biologist

Biologist is a generalized answer. Biology covers a broad spectrum of career paths. More specific answers could be "Botany" or "Ichthyology" which are branches of biology but more specifically geared to the search for and study of Plants and Fish, respectively.

The two types are Dna, and fossils

It's mutability and it's heritability. It changes and these changes, in the germ line, are inherited by your progeny, The change in allele frequency over time in a population of organisms; evolution.

Incrementally. Variants that were camouflaged a little better (looked a little more like a stick) got eaten a little less (than the ones that looked a little less like a stick), and so the features of this variation were re-enforced in the population. And so you end up with animals that look exactly like a stick, as long as they're sitting still.

Science has no capacity to completely prove something... However these are some facts that make it likely to be true.

- An extensive fossil record which completely conforms to predictions.

- Observing evolution in action (such as the flu virus changing ever year, the HIV virus changing all the time, speciation in plants and animals in non-lab environments, lab experiments etc).

- Paternity testing (the techniques used in paternity testing are also used to demonstrate how closely related different species are).

- DNA (all organisms use the exact same code for proteins)

- similarities in phylogeny (why do we share so many features with other organisms?)

- similarities in DNA conform to the predictions made by evolution

This type of natural selection is called stabilizing selection because the mean traits of the population are being selected for against the immediate environment.

False

In themselves, they are not. But placed in the larger context of the animal kingdom, it becomes immediately apparent that they adhere to the nested hierarchies of biology on all levels, and that the phylogenetic trees in which they are found are strongly convergent independent of the trait assayed.

Darwin read the book Lamarck wrote and said that he did not get one idea from it as it was ludicrous in content. So, Lamarck would be the one scientist that did not influence Darwin according to Darwin.

Reproductive variation is central to evolution. All else in evolutionary theory follows directly or indirectly from the fact that organisms reproduce with variation.

lamarckism

First, there is no "the correct sequence". There is the most likely sequence of key historical developments as best as can be established by science.

Second, there is no "the brain". There is a wide variety of more or less complex central nervous systems, most of which have a focal node of some sort that can be called 'brain'.

The simplest of such central nervous system, and most likely the first type to emerge, is no more than a chord of nerves along the length of the organism, with or without ventral extensions, terminated by a 'knot' of nerves forming the 'brain'. Such simple nervous systems can still be found in flatworms.

Arguably the most complex brain known to us is the human brain. In the structure of this brain we can see something of the evolutionary development of brains in our lineage: layered from the basic 'reptilian brain' to the most recent development, the neocortex. (Note that referring to these layers as the "reptilian", "paleomammalian", or "neomammalian complex" can no longer be considered scientifically accurate, given that recent findings have pushed back the development of complex behaviour and associated neural structures much further back in time.)

1). Mutations supply new traits.

2). Organisms produce more offspring than can survive.

3). Selection allows only those with the best traits to survive.

Charles Robert Darwin, of course!

Evolution doesn't have a constant rate because it depends on environmental factors and reproduction frequency.

They theorize that during this period the first of three gill arches on a jawless fish evolved into the first jaws.

That would be Charles Robert Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace who came up with a theory of evolution by natural selection concurrently, at least it was presented to the world concurrently.