Geophysics

Basalt rocks are commonly associated with ocean ridges due to the process of seafloor spreading where magma rises to the surface, cools, and solidifies. These basaltic rocks form the oceanic crust along the ridges.

Pumice is an igneous rock because it is formed by the eruption of lava from volcanoes. The presence of the void spaces within the solidified pumice is due to thee high gas content of the lava. When the lava is erupted there is a loss of confining pressure which causes these dissolved gasses to exsolve very rapidly. This gas forms bubbles in the lava. Due to it's large surface area, the lava cools and solidifies very rapidly trapping the gas bubbles and forming the vesicular texture which allows pumice to have such a low density.

No, the Earth's core does not contain plasma. The outer core is made up of molten iron and nickel, while the inner core is solid due to high pressure despite its high temperature. Plasma is a state of matter with high energy particles that are not found in significant quantities in the Earth's core.

In 1915 the first edition of The Origin of Continents and Oceans, a book outlining the Continental Drift theory of Alfred Lothar Wegener, a German meterologist, was published; expanded editions were published in 1920, 1922, and 1929. About 300 million years ago, claimed Wegener, the continents had formed a single mass, called Pangaea (from the Greek for "all the Earth"). Pangaea had split, and its pieces had been moving away from each other ever since. Wegener was not the first to suggest that the continents had once been connected, but he was the first to present extensive evidence from several fields. He was subsequently proved right, although he was wrong in one respect; the continents don't drift on their own, they move as part of much larger "plates" of the Earth's surface, much of which is ocean floor.

In a subduction zone an oceanic plate slides under a continental plate or another oceanic plate. The subduction plate introduces water into the mantle, lowering melting temperatures and generating magma. This causes volcanoes, usually stratovolcanoes, to form on the overriding plate. If the overriding plate is continental a mountain range may develop.

The mantle is made up of solid rock, specifically solid mantle rock in the upper part and more ductile solid rock in the lower part. Magma is only present when it is partially molten rock that forms in specific regions of the mantle.

The never-ending movement of water between the sea, land, and air is known as the water cycle. It involves the processes of evaporation, condensation, precipitation, and runoff, which continuously circulate water throughout the Earth's ecosystems. This cycle helps to maintain the overall balance of water on our planet.

Silica content determines viscosity. The higher the silica content the more viscous (slower moving). Ultramafic <45% silica Least viscous Mafic 45-52% Silica Intermediate 53-65% Silica Felsic >65% Silica Highly viscous

No, not all magma comes from the Earth's core. Magma can also originate from the mantle, which is the layer beneath the Earth's crust. The heat and pressure from the mantle can cause rocks to melt and form magma, which can then rise to the surface as volcanic eruptions.

No, the convection flow of magma within the Earth's mantle is a continuous process that occurs over much shorter timescales, on the order of millions of years, rather than a million years to complete a single circulation. This movement is driven by the transfer of heat from the Earth's core, causing the magma to rise, cool at the surface, and then descend back into the mantle to be reheated.

When heat from nearby magma causes changes in surrounding rocks, a process called contact metamorphism occurs. This process includes changes in rock texture and mineral composition due to the high temperature and pressure from the magma. This usually results in the formation of new minerals and textures within the rocks.

Yes, an aquifer is a permeable rock layer that can hold and transmit water underground. It typically consists of materials such as sand, gravel, or rock that can store and allow the flow of water through them.

mass wasting is in the form of landslides,etc. when the soil moves down which is due to deforestation weathering is the breaking up of rocks due to natural agents which takes place for a long time

Water flow

The secondary or S waves arrive second at a seismometer after an earthquake. These waves move slower than the primary or P waves and typically cause more damage due to their side-to-side shaking motion.

The main cause of an explosive volcano is the amount of gases trapped in the magma. If the gases have had time to escape, there will be less pressure built up resulting in a less vicious magma explosion.

Yes, the Earth's core is primarily composed of solid iron in the inner core and liquid iron in the outer core. The high temperatures and pressures at the Earth's core create these unique states of matter.

If continental drift continues, Africa is predicted to move further north and collide with Europe, potentially forming a new mountain range. Asia may continue to move northward and collide with Europe as well, leading to further mountain-building. Australia is expected to move closer to Asia, potentially causing changes in its climate and geology.

No, a geyser cannot suck you in. Geysers erupt when pressure builds up underground and forces hot water and steam to the surface. It's not like a vacuum that can pull objects in. It's important to keep a safe distance from geysers due to the high temperature of the water and steam.

water, I had that question in my open book test and found the answer on the book.

To locate an earthquake accurately, a minimum of 4 seismic stations reporting seismogram information are needed. This allows seismologists to triangulate the epicenter by analyzing the arrival times and amplitudes of the seismic waves recorded at each station. Additional stations can improve the accuracy and reliability of the earthquake location.

3 main

destructive (towards)

constructive (apart)

passive (alongside)

there is another one but it is similar to destructive where the plates go towards but there is a different out come

The portion of Earth that does not receive any seismic waves from a particular earthquake is known as a seismic shadow zone. This occurs due to the specific angle at which seismic waves travel through the Earth's interior, causing them to be absorbed or refracted in a way that prevents detection in certain areas.

You have the core, then you have the crust which is the outermost layer :)