Mining

In a convection cell on Earth, heat from the underlying hot material causes it to rise towards the surface, carrying heat energy with it. As this hot material reaches the surface, it cools down and then sinks back down due to its increased density, completing the convection loop. This process of rising and sinking creates a circular motion of heat transfer known as a convection cell.

A specialist in the study of substances attained by mining is called a mineralogist. Mineralogists study the properties, composition, and structure of minerals found in the Earth's crust. They identify minerals and analyze their geological significance.

No, granite is not considered mafic. It is an igneous rock that is classified as felsic due to its high silica content and lower concentration of iron and magnesium minerals compared to mafic rocks like basalt.

The two main types of mining are surface mining and underground mining. Surface mining involves extracting minerals or resources from the Earth's surface, while underground mining involves extracting resources from beneath the Earth's surface. Surface mining is generally more cost-effective and less dangerous, but it can have a larger environmental impact compared to underground mining. Underground mining, on the other hand, can be more expensive and pose greater safety risks, but it is less disruptive to the environment.

Aquifers can form above various types of soil, but they typically form above permeable materials such as sand, gravel, or fractured rock that allows water to flow easily through them. These materials enable the underground storage and movement of water in aquifers.

types of underground mining methods

- unsuported(natural suport)mining method

-saported(artificial support)mining method

- caving method

Pumice is a volcanic rock that is light in weight due to its high porosity and low density. It is composed of highly vesicular glassy material with trapped air bubbles, formed during volcanic eruptions. Pumice may also contain crystals of various minerals such as feldspar, quartz, and biotite.

Project Sahalin-1 by Exxon Neftegas = 12,345 m on Jan 27, 2011 in field Odoptu.

Diamonds can be found on all continents, but significant deposits are primarily located in Africa, Australia, and parts of Asia and South America. Africa, particularly countries like Botswana, Democratic Republic of Congo, and South Africa, is known for its abundance of diamond mines.

Advantages of Underground Mining are: * It allows minerals to be extracted from deep underground * It doesn't create a mess like open cut or surface mining * Does not affect the physical environment as much as surface mining

Gold mining can lead to environmental degradation by disrupting ecosystems, contaminating water sources with chemicals like cyanide, and creating large amounts of waste rock. It can also impact local communities through displacement, social conflicts, and health issues. Regulations and responsible mining practices are essential to mitigate the negative impacts of gold mining on the lithosphere and surrounding environment.

There are many problems with mining metal ores, such as pollution to the surrounding environment. Mining often means cutting down large areas of land so they make the ores a lot more accessible. When they have cleared the existing area of land of all the ore then they leave the holes in the ground uncovered which causes many problems.

The land could also collapse.

pollution

mining means cutting down trees-damages habitats

takes lots of energy-expensive

limited resources

They show you the true color of the mineral. Small impurities can cause big changes in the color of a mineral.

Indiana's most valuable rock mined is limestone. It is widely used in construction, road building, and agriculture. The state is renowned for its high-quality limestone deposits that have been quarried for centuries.

Shale forms in environments with calm water, such as lakes and deep ocean basins, where fine particles of silt and clay settle and gradually compact into layers over time. It can also form on land from the weathering and erosion of pre-existing rock formations.

A "Sand Ruby" is a type of garnet. They are often found in sandy dry washes in the southwest. Very small red stones. We used to search for them in the sand at our schools playground when we were kids. Along with hunting for these little garnets we would also take a magnet so we could collect the fine iron filing that can often be found in dry washes as well. What can I say, life in Tucson AZ leads to some strange quests when you are a kid HA HA.

The border between the inner core and the outer core is approximately 5,150 kilometers below the Earth's surface.

Mining activities can accelerate erosion by exposing large areas of land to the elements, removing vegetation that helps stabilize soil, and altering the natural drainage patterns of the land. The disturbed land is more susceptible to erosion through the impact of rainwater, wind, and the movement of mining equipment. This can lead to soil degradation, sedimentation of water bodies, and loss of biodiversity.

There are many minerals mined in the United States. Here are five: *Coal *Gold *Magnesium *Gypsum *Copper These are only five of the many.

Porous sandstone is a good reservoir rock for its porosity enables it to store the fluid (oil?) and also to allow easy release.

Compare with oil shale, where the rock is very fine grained and will not release the fluid easily.

Both would ideally be capped with an impermeable cap rock to constrain the oil.

Uranium mining involves machinery and transportation that run on fossil fuels, emitting carbon dioxide during operations. Additionally, the processing of uranium ore into fuel for nuclear reactors also requires significant energy, contributing to carbon emissions from the electricity generation process.

Mining for mineral resources damages the land by causing deforestation and habitat destruction. The excavation process can lead to soil erosion, contamination of water sources, and disruption of ecosystems, impacting wildlife and plant species.

The Rock of Ages quarry is in Barre, Vermont. This is the largest granite quarry in the world, covering 24 acres and nearly 300 feet in depth.

The Escondida copper mine in the Atacama Desert in Chile is the Worlds largest copper mine.