Biotechnology

The principle role in DNA isolation that sodium docdecyl sulphate (or SDS for short) provides is in the break down of the cell wall/membrane of a bacterial cell.

The long hydrocarbon chain on the end of SDS is extremely hydrophobic, while its sulphate head is very hydrophilic. Because of this SDS will tend to stick itself into the cell membrane (because the inner part of the membrane is hydrophobic, and the outside is hydrophilic). However, SDS does not exactly fit into the membrane well, and will disrupt it, eventually causing the membrane to collapse.

Additionally, SDS's hydrophobic tails will tend to surround integral membrane proteins in the membranes of the cells (because the proteins are largely hydrophobic as well), and because of this surround of hydrophilic SDS heads, the protein will forceably be removed from the cell membrane. Once again, this contributes to the breakdown of the cell membrane.

Osmosis plays a crucial role in maintaining proper water balance within cells and tissues. It helps in the uptake of water and nutrients by cells and the removal of waste products. Osmosis also contributes to the regulation of cell volume and pressure, which are essential for cell function and overall physiological processes in biological systems.

Proteins are separated by SDS-PAGE based on their molecular weight. SDS denatures the proteins and gives them a negative charge, allowing them to be separated solely based on size as they migrate through the gel matrix towards the positive electrode. Smaller proteins move faster through the gel, while larger proteins migrate more slowly, resulting in separation based on size.

The optimal temperature for most proteases is around 37°C, which is the typical temperature inside the human body. However, optimal temperatures can vary depending on the specific type of protease and the organism it comes from. It's important to consider each protease's individual temperature requirements for maximum activity.

1- Genetic engineering

2- Stem cell therapy

3- Detection of various disease by using southern blotting,ELISA,PCR

4- Forensic sciences

5- DNA fingerprinting

5- Transgenic plants and animals

Since some biotech plants are pest resistant by design, they do not require the use of many pesticides or herbicides. When less herbicides are used, the soil is not damaged as much, and there is also less erosion.

The PCR (polymerase chain reaction) technique is used to amplify a specific DNA sequence in a sample. By utilizing a cycle of heating and cooling, PCR replicates the targeted DNA region exponentially, generating millions of copies for further analysis in applications such as genetic testing, forensics, and disease diagnosis.

1. Always wear appropriate personal protective equipment, such as gloves, lab coats, and safety goggles, when handling biological materials or chemicals in the laboratory.
2. Ensure that all experiments are conducted in a designated area with proper ventilation and containment facilities to prevent contamination and accidental exposure to hazardous materials.

This depends on the habitat in which they live if they live in an area with low rainfall then they would have tap root to penetrate deep down in the soil for water and in areas with high rainfall they would have fibrous roots.

Forensic science plays a crucial role in biotechnology by providing tools and techniques for analyzing biological evidence found at crime scenes. It helps in identifying and analyzing DNA, proteins, and other molecules to assist in criminal investigations, paternity testing, and human identification. Forensic science in biotechnology also contributes to the development of methods for DNA sequencing, genotyping, and other molecular techniques.

6.30-6.50 may be optimum pH for the fungal diastase....

GM in science stands for genetic modification.

early method of getting insulin was from the pancreas of slaughtered cattle[mostly pigs]... However now a days it is prepared by the use of biotechnology.

insulin consists of two strands of peptide chains [A and B].. the DNA coding for peptide chain A and chain B were extracted and then were inserted in bacteria E.coli.... this bateria then replicates and forms multiple amount of chain A and B which are then extracted and joined by disulphide bonds....

this forms insulin.

Safety considerations with agricultural biotechnology include potential risks to human health, environment, and biodiversity. It is important to assess the unintended effects of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) on non-target organisms and ecosystems. Additionally, measures should be taken to prevent the development of resistance in pests and weeds to biotech traits. Regular monitoring and long-term studies are necessary to ensure the sustainable and safe use of agricultural biotechnology.

Restriction endonucleases are enzymes found in bacteria and archaea. They are part of the bacteria's defense mechanism against invading foreign DNA, such as viruses, by cutting it into smaller fragments. These enzymes are widely used in molecular biology for techniques like gene cloning and DNA fingerprinting.

Primers in PCR serve as starting points for DNA replication by binding to specific regions on the DNA template. They provide a free 3' hydroxyl group for DNA polymerase to extend from, initiating DNA synthesis. Primers are essential for amplifying the target DNA fragment during PCR.

The process of evolution tends to produce organisms whose genes contribute to the survival of the organism. If an organism has genes which impede or prevent survival, then the organism is less likely to survive. A species with such genetics would die out.

The biological vector must first be transformed with the recombinant DNA using a suitable method such as heat shock or electroporation. This process involves introducing the recombinant DNA into the vector so that it can carry and deliver the genetic material into the host cell.

Taqman Real Time PCR is a technique used in molecular biology to quantify the amount of a specific DNA target present in a sample. It involves the use of specific probes that bind to the target DNA sequence and produce a fluorescent signal during amplification, allowing for real-time detection and quantification of the DNA target. This method is widely used in research, clinical diagnostics, and other applications requiring accurate quantification of DNA.

In biotechnology, caring is important because the field involves manipulating living organisms and biological systems to develop new products and solutions. Caring ensures ethical and responsible practices are followed to protect the environment, human health, and animal welfare. It also promotes transparency, trust, and credibility in the biotechnology industry.

Some achievements of biotechnology from 2000 to 2013 include the completion of the Human Genome Project, advancements in gene editing technologies like CRISPR-Cas9, the development of new vaccines and therapies, and increased use of genetically modified crops to improve agriculture and food production. These years saw significant progress in applying biotechnology to address health, environmental, and agricultural challenges.

Bioinformatics in agricultural biotechnology involves using computational tools to analyze and interpret biological data related to crops, genes, and genomes. This helps in identifying beneficial traits, designing improved crop varieties, and understanding the underlying mechanisms of plant development and responses to environmental factors. Bioinformatics also plays a crucial role in predicting the effects of genetic modifications on crop productivity and sustainability.

The ethical implications of using biotechnology to alter and enhance humans are complex and need to be carefully considered. While it may offer potential benefits, such as treating genetic disorders or improving cognitive abilities, it also raises concerns about equality, consent, and unintended consequences. Any decisions regarding the use of biotechnology to alter and enhance humans should involve thorough ethical and regulatory oversight.

Traditional biotechnology involves using living organisms or their products to make products, while modern biotechnology involves using genetic engineering and advanced technologies to manipulate the genetic makeup of organisms for specific purposes. Traditional biotechnology has been used for centuries, while modern biotechnology is a more recent development. Traditional biotechnology often relies on natural selection and breeding, while modern biotechnology allows for more precise and targeted genetic modifications.

One can find an on-line tutorial for Real Time PCR on the official for the University of South Carolina School of Medicine. The website provides an article written by Dr. Margaret Hunt detailing Real Time PCR.