Biotechnology

A PCR test amplifies a single or few copies of DNA and creates potentially thousands or millions of copies. The most common reasons are for cloning, diagnosis of hereditary disease, genetic fingerprints, and analysis of genes.

Some important milestones in biotechnology development include the discovery of DNA structure in 1953, the development of recombinant DNA technology in the 1970s, the completion of the Human Genome Project in 2003, and the advent of CRISPR/Cas9 gene-editing technology in 2012. These milestones have revolutionized the field of biotechnology and significantly advanced our understanding of genetic principles and their applications.

A PCR machine also known as a thermal cycler is a machine used to amplify segments of dna via the PCR which stands for polymerase chain reaction. PCR machines may also be used to test temperature sensitive reactions. The first step of the machine is to heat the samples to 94-96 degrees, then the temperature is lowered to 50-65 degrees, then the mixtures temperature is raised to 72 degrees to synthesize a new dna strand.

To make a working model on biotechnology, you can choose a specific aspect of biotechnology such as genetic engineering or fermentation, then design a model that demonstrates the process in a simple and visual way. Use materials like clay, paper, or building blocks to represent the biological components involved, and include labels or diagrams to explain each step of the process. You can also incorporate interactive elements like moving parts or lights to make the model engaging and educational.

Biotechnology is used in sewage treatment plants to aid in the breakdown of organic matter by microorganisms, leading to cleaner water that can be discharged back into the environment. Biotechnological methods can also be used to remove pollutants and harmful substances from sewage, improving the efficiency and effectiveness of wastewater treatment processes.

Following proper lab safety procedures is crucial to prevent accidents, injuries, and exposure to hazardous materials. It safeguards the well-being of laboratory personnel, ensures accurate data collection, and maintains the integrity of experiments. Adhering to safety protocols also minimizes the risk of contamination and environmental damage.

Not everyone believes there is a need for biotechnology, especially not in certain applications; however, those who do believe biotechnology is needed cite things like makinng new drugs and enhancing crops.

Yes, an MPC student can join a biotechnology program depending on the specific requirements of the program. They may need to meet certain prerequisites or transfer to a school that offers a biotechnology program if MPC does not have one. It's important to research the program's requirements and reach out to admissions for more information.

Although a healthy human being is devoid of any harmful mutations, these can occur in humans.

In cancer for example, cells develop mutations that allow them to grow in abnormal numbers, resulting in the formation of a tumor.

To summarize, the human genome is capable of undergoing mutations in certain circumstances such as during diseases. However, the incidence of a harmful mutation in a healthy individual is quite uncommon

Gene therapy has the desired outcome of eradicating or curing diseases that are caused by a specific abnormality or mutation of a gene that is a killer. It is a developing science and slowly getting results.

Biotechnology has been used to improve potato crops by introducing genetic modifications for traits such as disease resistance, increased yield, and improved nutritional content. This has been achieved through techniques like genetic engineering and marker-assisted breeding, which help in developing new varieties of potatoes that are hardier, more productive, and nutritionally enhanced.

If the plasmid were cut at more than one site, it could result in the fragmenting of the plasmid into smaller pieces. This could lead to difficulties in maintaining the integrity of the plasmid during cloning processes, affecting the stability and functionality of the plasmid. Additionally, it may disrupt the insertion of foreign DNA or hinder the replication of the plasmid in host cells.

A polymerase is commonly used for amplifying DNA in a process called PCR (polymerase chain reaction). PCR is used to make copies of specific DNA sequences, which is essential for various genetic testing, molecular biology research, and diagnostic applications.

Labs typically use restriction enzymes.

'Restriction Enzymes cut DNA at specific recognition nucleotide sequences. To cut the DNA, a restriction enzyme makes two incisions, once through each sugar-phosphate backbone (i.e. each strand) of the DNA double helix.'

Meaning if you have a restriction enzyme that cuts at, say TA|GC, everywhere the TAGC sequence is in the DNA will be cleaved at that point. Because there are multiple instances of TAGC in the sample it leads to DNA fragments of differing sizes which then migrate at different rates under electrophoresis.

DNA polymerase has an error rate of approximately 1 in every 10^7-10^8 nucleotides incorporated. This means that it matches bases incorrectly about once in every 10 million to 100 million nucleotides during DNA replication.

Biology can influence learning through factors such as genetics, neural development, and brain function. Genetics can affect cognitive abilities, while neural development and brain function can impact memory, attention, and problem-solving skills. Understanding how these biological factors interact with environmental influences can help optimize learning strategies for individuals.

Sarkosyl is a detergent commonly used in DNA isolation to disrupt cell membranes and release DNA. It helps solubilize membrane proteins and lipids, allowing for the extraction of pure DNA from the cells. By disrupting cell membranes, sarkosyl helps in the efficient extraction of DNA from various sources.

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Exons are part of both prokaryotic and eukaryotic.

Introns are rarely present in the domain bacteria (common bacteria) while introns are present in some genes in domain archaea ("ancient" bacteria). Both are considered prokaryotic. No, they are only present on tRNA and rRNA.

Liquid detergent used in the genomic DNA extraction, emulsify plasma membrane and nuclear membrane promoting lysis. SDS (Sodium Dodecyl Sulphate) is an anionic detergent used in DNA extraction. It removes the positive ions from the proteins, due to this protein loses its conformation and gets destroyed thus the cell membrane gets damaged and cell gets broken.

Yes, it is possible to pursue a PhD after completing a BPharm and LLB. However, you may need to demonstrate a strong research interest that aligns with the field of study for which you are applying for your PhD. Additionally, meeting the specific admission requirements of the PhD program you are interested in is essential.

You can check the correctness of your primer sequence by performing a basic sequence alignment using bioinformatics tools like BLAST or tools provided by your institution. Additionally, you can run a PCR with your primers and sequence the resulting PCR product to confirm that the correct DNA region has been amplified.

Transgenic bacteria are bacteria that have been genetically modified to contain genes from another organism. These genes are usually inserted to give the bacteria new functions, such as producing a specific protein or metabolizing a particular substance. Transgenic bacteria are commonly used in biotechnology and research.