Century - 1700s

The rifle in a display case inside the Shrine during the 1700s is the iconic Kentucky long rifle. This firearm is known for its accuracy and range, becoming a symbol of American frontier culture. It was commonly used during the American Revolutionary War and by early American settlers. The rifle's craftsmanship and design reflect the skills of early American gunsmiths.

In 1776, John Dickson lived in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He was a prominent figure during the American Revolution, involved in political and military activities supporting independence. Philadelphia was a central hub for revolutionary activities at the time, making it a significant location for many leaders of the movement.

In the 1700s, settlers in France primarily raised crops such as wheat, barley, and oats, which were staples for their diet and economy. They also cultivated vegetables like cabbage, onions, and carrots, alongside fruits such as apples and pears. Livestock farming was common, with cattle, sheep, and pigs being raised for meat, milk, and wool. These agricultural practices were essential for sustaining the growing population and supporting local communities.

In the 1700s, classical music dominated the musical landscape, with the rise of composers like Johann Sebastian Bach, George Frideric Handel, and Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart. The Baroque style was prevalent in the early part of the century, characterized by intricate melodies and harmonies, while the latter part saw the emergence of the Classical style, emphasizing clarity and balance. Additionally, folk music and traditional dances were popular among the general populace, often played at social gatherings and celebrations.

During the 1700s, the New England colonies, including Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island, and New Hampshire, developed a distinct identity characterized by a focus on community and religious adherence, particularly Puritanism. The economy was largely based on small-scale farming, fishing, shipbuilding, and trade, with towns serving as the social and economic hubs. Education and literacy rates were high, driven by the Puritan belief in the importance of reading the Bible. The region's governance often involved town meetings, reflecting early democratic principles.

The weather in the Middle Colonies during the 1700s was characterized by a temperate climate with four distinct seasons. Summers were warm and humid, conducive to agriculture, while winters were cold with snowfall. The region received adequate rainfall, supporting diverse crops such as wheat, corn, and oats. Overall, the climate contributed to the Middle Colonies' reputation as a productive agricultural area.

Wars in the 18th century were characterized by linear tactics, where armies would deploy in organized lines and engage in direct fire, often in open fields. The period saw the rise of professional standing armies and the use of disciplined infantry, cavalry, and artillery. Key conflicts, such as the Seven Years' War, involved complex alliances and global theaters, as European powers competed for territory and resources. Naval power also played a crucial role, as control of sea routes was vital for trade and military logistics.

In the 15th to 17th centuries, pirates typically wore practical clothing suited for life at sea. This often included loose-fitting shirts, trousers, and sturdy boots, made from durable fabrics like wool or linen. They also favored accessories such as bandanas, sashes, and wide-brimmed hats, which provided protection from the sun. Pirates often adorned themselves with jewelry, such as earrings and rings, reflecting their wealth and status from plundered treasures.

After Spain sent new rulers to Mexico in the 1700s, there was an attempt to centralize and strengthen colonial administration, leading to increased tensions with local elites and indigenous populations. The Bourbon Reforms aimed to increase revenue and control, which sparked resistance and unrest. These policies contributed to growing discontent that eventually played a role in the Mexican War of Independence, which began in 1810. The period also saw cultural and economic changes as Spain sought to modernize its colonial holdings.

The social contract is an implicit agreement between the government and its citizens, wherein individuals consent to surrender some personal freedoms in exchange for the protection of their rights and maintenance of social order. In this framework, the government is expected to act in the best interest of its citizens, providing security and public services, while citizens are expected to obey laws and contribute to society. If the government fails in its duties or violates citizens' rights, the social contract implies that the citizens have the right to challenge or change their government. This concept underlies many democratic theories and practices.

In the 1700s, soldiers typically wore uniforms that varied by country and regiment, but common elements included wool coats, vests, and trousers. These uniforms were often brightly colored, featuring distinctive patterns and insignia to signify rank and allegiance. Soldiers also wore hats or tricornes, and they were equipped with leather boots and belts to support their gear. Accessories like sashes and epaulettes added to the military appearance while serving functional purposes.

In the 1700s, houses were typically built using local materials, primarily timber, stone, and clay. Construction began with a solid foundation, often made of stone, followed by the framework, which was usually timber-framed. Walls were filled with wattle and daub or wooden planks, and roofs were covered with thatch or wooden shingles. The process relied heavily on manual labor and traditional craftsmanship, with skilled tradespeople like carpenters and masons playing essential roles.

In the 1700s, Britain and France were the two primary countries vying for control, particularly in North America and the Caribbean, as part of their broader colonial ambitions. This competition for territory and trade led to several conflicts, including the French and Indian War (1754-1763), which was part of the larger Seven Years' War. The outcome significantly shifted the balance of power, with Britain emerging as the dominant colonial power in North America.

In 1776, James Somerset, an enslaved African man, escaped from his owner, Charles Stewart, in England. He was captured and brought before the courts, leading to a landmark legal case. The case, Somerset v. Stewart, ultimately resulted in the decision that Somerset could not be forcibly removed to the colonies as a slave, effectively ruling that slavery had no legal standing in England. This case became a significant moment in the growing abolitionist movement in Britain.

Factory owners often recruited children through a variety of means, including advertisements in local newspapers, word-of-mouth in communities, and by leveraging the economic desperation of families. Many parents, facing poverty, were willing to send their children to work in factories for meager wages, believing it was necessary for the family's survival. Additionally, some factory owners established relationships with local schools or orphanages, seeking to employ children who were not in formal education. This exploitation was fueled by a lack of labor laws protecting children at the time.

In 1776, the British faced significant challenges during the American Revolutionary War as the Thirteen Colonies declared their independence from British rule on July 4. The Declaration of Independence marked a pivotal moment, leading to increased hostilities and military engagements. The British aimed to suppress the rebellion, deploying troops to maintain control, but faced growing resistance from the Continental Army and widespread support for independence among colonists. This year marked a turning point, solidifying the determination of the American colonies to pursue freedom from British governance.

The Act of Union in the 18th century occurred in 1707, uniting the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of Scotland into a single entity known as the Kingdom of Great Britain. This act involved the merging of the respective parliaments and political institutions of both nations, effectively consolidating their governance. It aimed to enhance economic stability and military strength, and it laid the foundation for the further unification of the British Isles.

Britain and France were competing in the 1700s primarily due to imperial ambitions and the desire for global dominance. This rivalry was fueled by conflicts over trade routes, colonial territories, and resources, particularly in North America and the Caribbean. The competition often manifested in military confrontations, such as the French and Indian War, which was part of the larger Seven Years' War, further intensifying their struggle for supremacy. Additionally, their differing political systems and alliances contributed to the ongoing tension between the two nations.

The U.S. technological boom in the 18th century was primarily driven by the Industrial Revolution, which introduced innovations in machinery and manufacturing processes. The availability of natural resources, such as coal and iron, facilitated industrial growth. Additionally, the expansion of transportation networks, including canals and railroads, enhanced trade and the distribution of goods. The period also saw an influx of skilled immigrants and a culture of entrepreneurship that encouraged innovation and technological advancements.

In the late 1700s, France was marked by significant social divisions, primarily among the three estates: the clergy (First Estate), the nobility (Second Estate), and the common people (Third Estate). The Third Estate, which made up the vast majority of the population, was burdened by heavy taxes and had little political power, leading to widespread discontent. This resentment was exacerbated by Enlightenment ideas advocating for equality and individual rights. Ultimately, these social inequalities fueled the desire for change, culminating in the French Revolution as the Third Estate sought to challenge the privileges of the upper estates.

In 18th-century France, bishops typically wore elaborate vestments that reflected their high status within the Church. Their attire included the cassock, often in rich colors, adorned with decorative elements. During liturgical ceremonies, bishops donned the chasuble, along with a stole and sometimes a mitre, which was a ceremonial headpiece. The overall style emphasized opulence, featuring luxurious fabrics and intricate embroidery, symbolizing both their religious authority and social rank.

The Normans, who spoke Old Norman, contributed many words to the English language after the Norman Conquest of 1066. They introduced terms related to law, governance, art, and cuisine, such as "court," "government," "mansion," "beef," and "pork." This blending enriched English vocabulary, particularly in areas of culture and administration. The influence of Norman French is especially evident in legal and culinary terminology.

In the 1700s, the Royal Navy was one of the largest and most powerful naval forces in the world. By the end of the century, England had approximately 100 ships of the line, which were the largest and most heavily armed warships of the time. The number varied throughout the century due to conflicts such as the War of Spanish Succession and the American Revolutionary War, but England consistently maintained a significant naval presence.

In the 1700s, the cost of living in Connecticut varied significantly based on location and availability of goods. For example, a loaf of bread might cost about 3 pence, while a pound of butter was around 1 shilling. Labor costs were also low, with skilled workers earning approximately 2 shillings a day. Overall, prices reflected the agrarian economy and local resources available during that period.

In the 1700s, Delaware's economy primarily thrived through agriculture, particularly with the cultivation of crops like tobacco, corn, and wheat. The state's location along the Delaware River also facilitated trade and transportation, allowing farmers and merchants to export goods to other colonies and overseas. Additionally, the fur trade and shipbuilding industries contributed to the economic growth during this period. These diverse economic activities helped Delaware prosper in the colonial era.