Century - 1700s

Old Towne Orange is a historic district in Orange, California, known for its well-preserved early 20th-century architecture and charming, walkable streets. The area features a variety of antique shops, boutiques, restaurants, and cafés, making it a popular destination for both locals and visitors. The district is centered around the historic Plaza Park, which serves as a focal point for community events and gatherings. With its rich history and vibrant atmosphere, Old Towne Orange showcases the area's cultural heritage and small-town charm.

Two significant ideas that influenced life in the American colonies during the 1700s were Enlightenment thought and religious freedom. Enlightenment thinkers emphasized reason, individual rights, and skepticism of traditional authority, which inspired colonists to question governance and seek self-determination. Meanwhile, the pursuit of religious freedom led various groups, such as the Quakers and Puritans, to establish communities based on their beliefs, fostering a diverse and pluralistic society that valued individual conscience and liberty.

Prussia's power in the 17th and 18th centuries was not significantly increased by its agricultural productivity, which remained relatively low compared to other European states. Additionally, Prussia's lack of a strong navy limited its maritime influence and trade opportunities. Instead, its military reforms, centralized administration, and strategic alliances were the primary factors that bolstered its power during this period.

The 18th century was a golden age of smugglers due to a combination of high taxes and strict trade regulations imposed by governments, particularly in Britain and its colonies. These measures created lucrative opportunities for illegal trade, as smugglers sought to evade tariffs on goods like alcohol, tobacco, and sugar. Additionally, advancements in maritime technology and the rise of coastal communities facilitated the operations of smugglers, making it easier to transport and conceal contraband. The social and economic conditions of the time also fostered a culture of resistance against authority, further encouraging smuggling activities.

Great Britain's rise to global prominence in the mid-1700s was driven by its strong naval power, which allowed it to dominate trade routes and expand its empire. The Industrial Revolution began to take shape during this period, providing advancements in technology and manufacturing that fueled economic growth. Additionally, the establishment of colonies in North America, the Caribbean, and India contributed to Britain's wealth and resources. Political stability and effective governance also played crucial roles in facilitating expansion and trade.

In the late 1700s, the Chinese limited European trade primarily to the city of Canton, known today as Guangzhou. This restriction was part of the Qing Dynasty's efforts to control foreign influence and trade. The Canton System established a trade monopoly, allowing European merchants to interact only with designated Chinese merchants, known as hong. This system significantly shaped the dynamics of trade between China and European powers during that period.

In the 18th century, poor people typically wore simple, practical clothing made from inexpensive materials like coarse wool or linen. Their garments often consisted of basic tunics, breeches, or dresses, which were unadorned and designed for durability rather than style. Colors were usually muted, as bright dyes were costly, and their clothing was often patched or mended due to limited resources. Accessories were minimal, focusing on functionality rather than fashion.

The satirical work from the 18th century that criticizes English landlords' treatment of Irish tenants is Jonathan Swift's "A Modest Proposal." Published in 1729, it suggests that impoverished Irish parents should sell their children as food to wealthy gentlemen, using extreme irony to highlight the dire conditions faced by the Irish under oppressive landlord practices. Swift's proposal serves as a biting commentary on the exploitation and dehumanization of the Irish people by English landlords.

Travel from France to New France in the 1700s typically took about six to twelve weeks, depending on factors such as weather, the specific route taken, and the type of vessel used. Most voyages were made by ship, and conditions could vary significantly. The journey involved crossing the Atlantic Ocean, often facing challenges like storms and piracy. Overall, it was a lengthy and arduous process.

In the 18th century, electricity was primarily understood as a mysterious force associated with natural phenomena, such as lightning and static electricity. Pioneering experiments by scientists like Benjamin Franklin and William Gilbert began to reveal its properties, leading to the distinction between positive and negative charges. The era saw the development of early electrical devices, such as the Leyden jar, which stored electrical energy, but a comprehensive theory of electricity, including its practical applications, was still in its infancy. Overall, electricity was seen more as a curiosity than a practical tool until the 19th century.

John Millard was an 18th-century American assayer known for his work in the field of metallurgy and precious metals. He served as an official assayer in various capacities, including in the colonies, where he played a crucial role in evaluating and verifying the purity of gold and silver. His contributions were significant during a time when accurate assessment of metal quality was essential for trade and commerce. Millard's expertise helped establish standards in the burgeoning economy of colonial America.

The mid-1700s saw the onset of the Agricultural Revolution, which significantly changed human population dynamics. Innovations in farming techniques, such as crop rotation and selective breeding, led to increased food production and improved nutrition. This agricultural surplus supported larger populations and contributed to urbanization as people moved to cities for work. Consequently, these changes set the stage for the demographic shifts that would accompany the Industrial Revolution.

Most masks worn during balls in the 1700s were made of materials like paper, fabric, or leather, often embellished with feathers, beads, and lace. These masks were designed to be both decorative and functional, allowing wearers to maintain an air of mystery while participating in the social festivities. The intricate designs reflected the fashion and artistic styles of the time, making them a significant part of the masquerade culture.

The principal empire expanding in the center of Eurasia during the 1700s was the Russian Empire. Under the reign of Peter the Great and his successors, Russia expanded its territory significantly, pushing into Siberia and gaining access to the Pacific Ocean. This expansion was marked by military conquests and the incorporation of various ethnic groups into the empire, solidifying Russia's status as a major power in Eurasia.

In the 1850s, people primarily ate home-cooked meals made from local ingredients, as refrigeration and modern transportation were limited. Diets varied significantly based on region and social class; wealthier families enjoyed a variety of meats, fresh vegetables, and imported goods, while poorer families often relied on staples like bread, potatoes, and seasonal produce. Cooking was typically done on wood stoves or open fires, and meals were often communal. Preservation methods like canning and salting were also beginning to gain popularity as a means to store food.

The capacity of an 18th-century ship varied significantly depending on its size and purpose. A small merchant vessel could carry around 50 to 100 men, while larger ships, such as frigates or ships of the line, could accommodate 300 to over 1,000 crew members and soldiers. Factors like the ship's design, cargo requirements, and the specific mission would also influence the number of men it could carry.

1701

* Jethro Tull invents the seed drill.

1709

* Bartolomeo Cristofori invents the piano.

1711

* Englishmen, John Shore invents the tuning fork.

1712

* Thomas Newcomen patents the atmospheric steam engine.

1717

* Edmond Halley invents the diving bell.

1722

* French C. Hopffer patents the fire extinguisher.

1724

* Gabriel Fahrenheit invents the first mercury thermometer.

1733

* John Kay invents the flying shuttle.

1745

* E.G. von Kleist invents the leyden jar, the first electrical capacitor.

1752

* Benjamin Franklin invents the lightening rod.

1755

* Samuel Johnson publishes the first English language dictionary on April 15th after nine years of writing. In the preface Samuel Johnson wrote, "I am not so lost in lexicography as to forget that words are the daughters of earth, and that things are the sons of heaven."

1757

* John Campbell invents the sextant.

1758

* Dolland invents a chromatic lens.

1761

* Englishmen, John Harrison invents the navigational clock or marine chronometer for measuring longitude.

1764

* James Hargreaves invents the spinning jenny.

1767

* Joseph Priestley invents carbonated water - soda water.

1768

* Richard Arkwright patents the spinning frame.

1769

* James Watt invents an improved steam engine.

1774

* Georges Louis Lesage patents the electric telegraph.

1775

* Alexander Cummings invents the flush toilet. (Not Thomas Crapper)

* Jacques Perrier invents a steamship.

1776

* David Bushnell invents a submarine.

1779

* Samuel Crompton invents the spinning mule.

1780

* Benjamin Franklin invents bi-focal eyeglasses.

* Gervinus invents the circular saw.

1783

* Louis Sebastien demonstrates the first parachute.

* Benjamin Hanks patents the self-winding clock.

* The Montgolfier brothers invent the hot-air balloon.

* Englishmen, Henry Cort invents the steel roller for steel production.

1784

* Andrew Meikle invents the threshing machine.

* Joseph Bramah invents the safety lock.

1785

* Edmund Cartwright invents the power loom.

* Claude Berthollet invents chemical bleaching.

* Charles Augustus Coulomb invents the torsion balance.

* Jean Pierre Blanchard invents a working parachute.

1786

* John Fitch invents a steamboat.

1789

* The guillotine is invented - just in time for the French Revolution

1790

* The United States issued its first patent to William Pollard of Philadelphia for a machine that roves and spins cotton.

1791

* John Barber invents the gas turbine.

* Early bicycles invented in Scotland.

1792

* William Murdoch invents gas lighting.

* The first ambulance.

1794

* Eli Whitney patents the cotton gin.

* Welshmen, Philip Vaughan invents ball bearings.

1795

* Francois Appert invents the preserving jar for food.

1796

* Edward Jenner creates a smallpox vaccination.

1797

* Wittemore patents a carding machine.

* A British inventor, Henry Maudslay invents the first metal or precision lathe.

1798

* The first soft drink invented.

* Aloys Senefelder invents lithography.

1799

* Alessandro Volta invents the battery.

* Louis Robert invents the Fourdrinier Machine for sheet paper making.!

Ah, the waltz in the 18th century was a graceful dance indeed! People would often wear elegant and flowing dresses for the ladies, with corsets to accentuate their waists, and suits with tailcoats for the gentlemen. The colors were rich and the fabrics luxurious, creating a beautiful sight as they twirled across the dance floor.

In the 1600s and 1700s, jobs in Georgia primarily revolved around agriculture and trade. Many colonists worked as farmers, cultivating crops such as rice, indigo, and cotton. Others were involved in the fur trade with Native American tribes. Additionally, there were craftsmen, blacksmiths, carpenters, and other skilled laborers who played crucial roles in developing the colony's infrastructure. Overall, the economy of Georgia during this period was heavily reliant on manual labor and natural resources.

In the 1700s, people suffered from a variety of diseases due to limited medical knowledge and technology. Common illnesses included smallpox, typhoid fever, tuberculosis, yellow fever, and various forms of dysentery. These diseases were often spread through poor sanitation, overcrowding, and lack of proper hygiene practices. Medical treatments at the time were rudimentary, and many diseases were often fatal.

Some of the colonial jobs in the 1700s included blacksmiths, farmers, merchants, shipbuilders, and printers. Blacksmiths crafted tools and equipment, farmers grew crops and raised livestock, merchants traded goods, shipbuilders constructed ships for transportation and trade, and printers produced newspapers, books, and other printed materials. These jobs were essential for the economy and development of the American colonies during this time period.

The reading mania in 17th and 18th century Europe was influenced by several factors. The rise of literacy rates due to the spread of printing press technology made books more accessible. The Enlightenment period also emphasized the importance of education and knowledge, leading to a greater interest in reading. Additionally, the growth of the middle class created a larger population with disposable income to spend on books.

In the 1700s, jobs in New York City were primarily centered around maritime trade, including shipbuilding, shipping, and merchant activities. Other common occupations included farming, blacksmithing, carpentry, and tailoring. Additionally, there were roles in government, such as colonial officials and military officers, as well as professions like doctors, lawyers, and teachers.

Oh, dude, in the 1700s, Maryland was all like, "I'm a mid-Atlantic state, bro!" It had a mix of coastal plains, forests, and mountains, keeping things interesting. The climate was probably like, "Hey, I'm humid subtropical, deal with it." So yeah, Maryland had its own vibe back in the day.

Para calcular quanto valeria 20.000 réis de 1700 em valores atuais, precisamos considerar a inflação e a desvalorização da moeda ao longo dos séculos. Entretanto, não existem dados diretos sobre a inflação brasileira desde 1700, pois o Brasil passou por diversas mudanças monetárias e econômicas ao longo dos anos.

Estimativa de Correção Monetária

Inflação Histórica: A inflação acumulada no Brasil desde 1700 é difícil de quantificar devido à falta de dados consistentes e à transição entre diferentes moedas (réis, cruzeiros, reais, etc.). Contudo, algumas estimativas aproximadas podem ser feitas com base em períodos mais recentes.

Conversão de Valores: Para valores mais recentes, como os de 1994 até hoje, calcula-se que R$ 1 da época do Plano Real (1994) teria um poder de compra equivalente a cerca de R$ 6,70 hoje1. Isso reflete uma inflação acumulada significativa nos últimos 27 anos.

Estimativa para 20.000 Réis: Se considerarmos que a inflação média anual desde 1700 até hoje poderia ser estimada em torno de 5% ao ano (um valor muito conservador), o montante inicial de 20.000 réis teria crescido exponencialmente. Para um cálculo simplificado:

Usando a fórmula do montante em juros compostos:

M

=

P

(

1

i

)

n

M=P(1+i)

n

onde

P

=

20.000

P=20.000,

i

=

0.05

i=0.05 (5% ao ano), e

n

n é o número de anos desde 1700 até 2024 (aproximadamente 324 anos).

O cálculo seria:

M

=

20.000

×

(

1

0.05

)

324

M=20.000×(1+0.05)

324

Este cálculo resultaria em um valor extremamente elevado, indicando que o poder de compra dos réis de 1700 seria monumentalmente maior em termos atuais.