Chromatography

The process of chromatography relates to the overall process of photosynthesis because photosynthesis is the source of food for plants. Plants use sunlight, CO2 and water to make energy in the form of glucose. The role of pigments in this is that pigments help to create energy in plants by absorbing sunlight. Pigments can absorb or reflect certain light waves according to their specific wavelengths which can be determined by the colour of the pigment. Different colours of pigments have different corresponding wavelengths. The pigment, chlorophyll, found in most plants is the one most associated with photosynthesis. This pigment reflects green wavelength because they provide less energy and reflects it for us to view the plant as green. An example of this would be spinach. This green plant contains multiple pigments. It contains chlorophyll which reflects green light and also contains multiple other pigments which pass through the leaf to be used in photosynthesis. Particularly intense reflection increases the colour of the plant and since green plants contain an abundance of chlorophyll to reflect as much green light as possible, we see spinach as a dark green plant.

Solvent extraction is not a type of chromatography. Solvent extraction involves the separation of compounds based on their solubility in different solvents, while chromatography separates compounds based on their interactions with a stationary phase and a mobile phase.

The moving solvent in chromatography is referred to as the mobile phase. It carries the sample through the stationary phase, allowing for separation based on differences in affinity between the components of the sample.

because silica is the best adsorbent used in column chromatography it almost supoort polar and non polar substances which areto be seprated....another reason is that it also seprate those substances which has intermediate polarities......

Yes, chromatography can be used to separate mixtures into individual components based on their different speeds of migration through a stationary phase. The components of the mixture will separate based on their differing affinities for the stationary phase.

how could a zygote end up with an extra chromosome

Either the egg or the sperm doesn't divide equally.

The chromatogram in paper chromatography is just the paper itself. You can look at the paper and see the dots that have risen due to the solvent. The appearance is just simply a piece of paper with dots that have risen from the baseline to a certain spot on the paper.

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The process used to detect and identify dyes in colorings is called chromatography. This technique separates the dyes based on their properties such as size and charge, allowing for identification by comparing them with known standards.

To calculate relative retention factor (RRF) in HPLC, you need to divide the retention time of the compound of interest by the retention time of the reference compound. The formula is RRF = (Retention time of compound of interest) / (Retention time of reference compound). This value helps in comparison and identification of compounds in the chromatogram.

A chromamatography is separation of colour in their physical change. this can be seen by using experiments, such as paper strips, ink and some water. this shows your their changing state and the colourings and other substances included in an product. This can be used if you have allergies and need to see is you are able to consume the product in question

Chromatography is used to separate the components of a mixture. By taking a very small sampling of a painting, you can use chromatology to separate the materials used for the painting. By separating them, researchers are able to figure out how old the components are. Determining the age of the painting is the key step in figuring out a painting's authenticity.

The retention time of cyclohexanecarboxaldehyde in gas chromatography can vary based on the specific chromatographic conditions used, such as the type of column, temperature, and carrier gas flow rate. It typically falls within a range of a few to several minutes.

The name Chromatography is coming from the Greek "Chromos" ("colour") and "grafein" (" to write") so chromatography is "writing with colours". This refers to the first chromatographic experiments with plant pigments were the sample was put on a filter paper, dried and the separation obtained by dropping "eluans" on it so that concentric (at that time only coloured) rings were formed

In isocratic HPLC, the mobile phase composition remains constant throughout the entire run, leading to constant elution times for all analytes. In gradient HPLC, the mobile phase composition is changed during the run, allowing for better separation of complex mixtures by adjusting the solvent strength over time.

Choose a buffer that is well within 1+/- pH unit of its pKa to ensure the best use. Details of buffer preparations can be found within the internet.

Ensure the pH of your mobile phase is at a point at which it will hinder ionisation of the compound under analysis, i.e. very low pH for an acidic compound (low pKa) and high pH for a basic compound (high pKa/low pKb) to prevent ionisation. In this form more reproduce able analysis can be governed.

No, a compound doesn't need to be colored to be separated by chromatography. There are plenty of detectors that can be used outside of the visible spectrum, and in fact don't even use spectroscopic methods, such as Electron Capture detection (ECD).

If a spot is in the solvent front in chromatography, it means that the compound has moved with the solvent front without being retained by the stationary phase. This could be due to factors such as the compound being too soluble in the solvent or the stationary phase not providing enough interaction to retain the compound. It suggests poor separation and indicates that the compound has not been effectively separated from other components in the mixture.

It can help in the purification of substance that are soluble in any solvent and also this helps because every substance has a different retention factor so they will all appear on different levels in the chromatogram this is used in the field of medicine to obtain extremely pure chemicals for the production of drugs.

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A lead pencil can be used to lightly mark chromatography paper to help identify and track samples during the process. However, it is important not to press too hard or use ink as it may interfere with the chromatography separation.

High pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) are often used interchangeably. HPLC refers to modern liquid chromatography systems with high resolution and efficiency, while high pressure liquid chromatography specifically highlights the use of higher pressures in the system to improve separation and speed. Both terms generally refer to the same chromatographic technique.

Chromatography separates a mixture of pigments, usually in inks. You can separate colours in food and felt tips. The different solubilities of the different ink pigments, make some rise above others so you can see them clearly.

In chromatography, the mobile phase is the solvent that carries the sample through the stationary phase. The stationary phase is the material that interacts with the components of the sample, causing separation based on differences in their affinity for the stationary phase.

How do you change from reversed phase chromatography to normal phase chromatography?

answer:Water -------> Ethanol ---------> Acetone -----> Ethyl acetate ------>Chloroform ------->HeptaneHow to Change from normal phase to reversed phase chromatography?Heptane ------->Chloroform -------> Ethyl acetate ---->Acetone --------->ethanol -------> WaterMohammad Abdel Qader (Mousa)Lab. SupervisorChemical , Biological and Drug Analysis CenterAn-Najah National University.Nablus Palestinezawatehm@gmail.com

1)To ues reverse phase chromatography solvents like:-Acetonitrile,Methanol in HPLC Grade

2) To use normal phase chromatography sovents like:-Iso propyl alcohol,n-Haxane HPLC Grade

In 1906, Mikhail Tswett, a Russian botanist, published a paper in which he described the separation of pigments,

extracted from green leaves, by washing the mixture with petroleum ether (similar to lighter fluid) through a glass

tube packed with powdered calcium carbonate (chalk). As the mixture of pigments passed down the CaCO3

-filled

tube, they separated into distinctly colored zones. Tswett gave the name chromatography (the graphing of colors) to

this separation technique.

The method that Tswett used is known today as column chromatography. Column chromatography is a rather slow

and sometimes difficult process to carry out compared with more recent developments known as paper

chromatography, thin layer chromatography, gas chromatography, high pressure liquid chromatography, and ion

chromatography.

The method of column chromatography can be carried out in the classroom using calcium carbonate in the form of

sticks of chalk. A mixture containing two or more components is deposited on a stick of chalk, a solid adsorbing

substance. The components are adsorbed (i.e., held on the surface of the solid substance) to varying degrees which

depend on the nature of the component, the nature of the adsorbant, and the temperature. Then the wash solvent

(liquid) is added to the adsorbant and allowed to flow through it by capillary effect. As the solvent passes the

deposited mixture, the components tend to be dissolved to varying extents and are swept along the solid adsorbant.

The rate at which a component will move along the solid depends on its relative tendency to be dissolved in the

solvent and its tendency to be adsorbed on the solid. The net effect is that, as the solvent passes slowly through the

solid adsorbant, the components of the mixture -separate from each other and move along with the solvent forming

rather diffuse zones or spots. With the proper choice of solvent and adsorbant, it is possible to resolve many complex

mixtures into their components.