Circuits

External to the main board of circuitry is the power supply ... in computers additional sub-modules complete the overall system ie. a computer (this sometimes includes a visual display unit , VDU (ie. LCD display) ) and may incorporate a display.

The data is CMOS is on a chip called RAM. RAM will lose data when it loses power. A small battery on the motherboard is used to keep continuous power to CMOS when the PC loses power.

It is a type of relay used to read the status of Breakers as well as isolators in scada system. As RTU operates at a voltage of 48V and Control panel operates at 110v inoredr to differentiate these potentials it is used

Transistor is the building block for the processor. Without the transistor, some say our servers would be three stories high, and laptops would be a prop on Star Trek. Our televisions would still use vacuum tubes, and our cars couldn't guide us to the nearest Indian restaurant.

without the transistor, what would the digital economy look like? Would Microsoft Corp. and Google Inc. have become giants? Would geeks have become cool, rich guys driving BMWs?

Very low.

It's used as an insulator.

No. 9 v is only 75% of 12 v.

Capacitors can fail for a few reasons, and sometimes the do "blow".

Capacitors have voltage limitations which, if they are exceeded may cause internal arcing or flashover. Once initiated, arcing can cause sudden heating and if the circuit supports high enough energy the capacitor can be damaged and may actually come apart. For polarized capacitors, reversing the polarity may even result in catastrophic failure at normal voltage levels.

Another reason capacitors fail is as a result of high current. If a capacitor is subjected to high frequency currents of sufficient magnitude internal heating can result and once again damage will result. With enough energy it may come apart.

One last way capacitors may be damaged is through sudden discharge. Generally high voltage ceramic capacitors may be charged to high energy levels. With a sudden discharge ceramic capacitors can respond with a piezoelectric effect and the ceramic may actually shatter.

a fuse wire melts when current passing through it exceeds a certain value as in overloading and short circuiting .this breaks the circuit prventing further current flow and damage ..

Yes, the 440 volt motor is withing the 10% voltage range of the 460 volt group. When the supply is said to be 480 volts, usually it is lower than what it is stated to be. Once the motor is connected check the current against the motor's nameplate amperage.

A switch in a circuit will quickly allow you to break the circuit, without changing the wiring. For example, a light switch. By turning a light switch off, you are breaking the circuit and, thus, turning the light off.

Not really. You can compare them with the analogy of water flowing through a pipe. For water to flow, there must be a pressure difference across the ends of the pipe. An electric current is a movement of electric charges along a conductor. For those charges to move, there must be a voltage (more accurately, a 'potential difference') across the ends of the conductor. So a potential difference is required to cause current to flow.

Different countries have different standards for their residential electric utility supply.

In the USA and Canada, it's 120 volts, 60 Hz AC.

Among the European, African, and Asian nations, there are several different standards.

Digital devices are easier to read Digital devices are easier to calibrate Digital devices are more accurate than its analog counterparts Digital devices are based on boolean algebra, an exciting aspect of mathematics, thus easy to analyse and design Digital devices allows for compacting. For example a lot of digital componets can be compressed into a small sized IC, thus making it possible to create devices like laptops, handsets etc Digital devices are generally lighter than its analog counterparts

Potatoes, like lemons, have a small amount of acid that conducts electricity, but only for a very small light bulb Potatoes, like lemons, have a small amount of acid that produces eletricity for a very small light source.

chemical reactions occur between the electrolyte and the electrodes in an electrochemical cell.these reactions cause one eletrode to become negatively charged and other eletrode to become positively charged

"Open circuit voltage" is a characteristic of a battery or power supply.

You measure it exactly as the term suggests ... disconnect any load

from it (or open the ON/OFF switch), and measure the voltage across

the terminals of the battery or power supply while it's not supplying

current to anything.

The first patent for the field-effect transistor principle was filed in Canada by Austrian-Hungarian physicist Julius Edgar Lilienfeld on October 22, 1925, but Lilienfeld did not publish any research articles about his devices. In 1934 German physicist Dr. Oskar Heil patented another field-effect transistor. There is no direct evidence that these devices were built, but later work in the 1990s shows that one of Lilienfeld's designs worked as described and gave substantial gain. Legal papers from the Bell Labs patent show that Shockley and Pearson had built operational versions from Lilienfeld's patents, yet they never referenced this work in any of their later research papers or historical articles. On 17 November 1947 John Bardeen and Walter Brattain observed that when electrical contacts were applied to a crystal of germanium, the output power was larger than the input. William Shockley saw the potential in this and worked over the next few months greatly expanding the knowledge of semiconductors and is considered by many to be the 'father' of the transistor.

1956 John Bardeen, Walter H. Brattain and William Shockley received the Nobel Prize in Physics for inventing the first silicon based transistor

Voltage doesn't harm you. Current does. If you can sufficiently reduce the resistance

at the points where the power supply connects to your body, you can do yourself

a lot of harm with a very small voltage.

I am an electrical engineer. We were discussing this exact question in the engineering

dorm, on a night more than 50 years ago that I can never forget. A debate got going

over whether it's possible to kill someone with 12 volts. Some said yes, some said no.

A very stupid proof of concept was proposed, and played out to its unfortunate

conclusion. A method of low-resistance connection was proposed, and one of those

who said it couldn't be done bravely demanded to be the one to demonstrate it,

and show everyone else that it couldn't be done. The power source selected was

a 12-volt car battery, the means of connection are better left not described, and

for the rest of the night, each of us in the group was interviewed privately, one

at a time, by the police, after his body was removed from the dorm.

So I'll say: less than 12 volts, if you know how to do it.

ratio between true power and apparent power is called the power factor for a circuit

Power factor =true power/apparent power

also we conclude PF=power dissipated / actual power in pure resistive circuit

if total resistance is made zero power factor will be zero

There is many uses for the resistor in electronic circuits, like current limiting, voltage division, R/C oscillators and many more.

Without the resistor electronics is not possible

power demand will increase in generating stations

tariff will go up

savings of energy for future is very important