Cosmology

Nicolaus Copernicus, in his book De revolutionibus orbium coelestium (On the Revolutions of the Celestial Spheres, published in 1543), first showed that the earth revolves around the sun. However, he was Polish, not Italian. Galileo Galilei (born 1564 in Italy) started publicly supporting the heliocentric theory in 1610, which he backed up with observations through his telescope.

Jimmy Neutron wears the same clothes in every episode because it helps to establish his character and make him easily recognizable to the audience. It's a common practice in animated television shows to maintain consistency in character design.

There is no definitive answer to this question as the concept of worlds can vary depending on context. In astronomy, there are billions of galaxies with each containing billions of stars, potentially supporting many worlds. In a philosophical or metaphysical sense, the idea of parallel universes or dimensions could imply an infinite number of worlds.

Neutrons are one of the three fundamental particles of an atom, along with protons and electrons. In the universe, neutrons make up a small percentage of the overall matter content, with estimates placing them at around 1% of the total mass-energy content. The majority of the universe is composed of dark matter and dark energy, which together make up the vast majority of its mass-energy content.

The concept of wormholes was first proposed by physicists Albert Einstein and Nathan Rosen in 1935 as part of the theory of general relativity. However, it was theoretical physicist John Archibald Wheeler who coined the term "wormhole" in the 1950s.

Electricity did not exist during the Big Bang. The universe during that time was incredibly hot and dense, and the fundamental forces of nature had not yet separated into distinct forces like electromagnetism. The formation of atoms and the subsequent development of charged particles eventually gave rise to electricity as we know it.

The supermassive black hole in the center of a quasar is surrounded by an accretion disk - a disk of gas rotating around the black hole. There is friction among the gas particles; this is due to the fact that different parts move at different speeds.

I think this is very hard to answer in such a way that we can picture it or make sense of it which is why cosmologists express the posited origin of the big bang as a singularity. As Dr. Michio Kaku points out that really means we don't know as a singularity, we believe is somewhere, and some time where/when all the laws of physics break down. The most popular view is that all time and space began with the big bang.

There is the multiverse theory which would answer the question as in the "multiverse". I am sorry but I can not really do better than that.

In the show "Jimmy Neutron," Jimmy Neutron's dad Hugh Neutron's favorite animal is a llama.

Yes, but not to any usable amount. The amount of energy that comes from gamma rays bursts are, by the time they reach here, quite small. The INTENSITY of the bursts may be large, but they don't last very long. Also, they come from outside our galaxy, so they have lost most of their energy by the time they get to us. And the direction they arrive from is impossible to predict, so any collector would be impossible to aim for maximum efficiency.

If a ten meter by ten meter collector was 100% efficient in converting gamma ray energy into electricity, and was able to collect enough energy from gamma rays to power a 100 watt light bulb for ten minutes; the amount of gamma ray energy hitting our Earth would kill all humanity in less than a week. In a sense, it is a blessing that there is not a lot of gamma ray energy reaching us!

Fred Hoyle was a theorist who was working on the opposing view to the Big Bang model, called the Steady State hypothesis. In an attempt to show how ridiculous he believed the premise of the Big Bang theory to be, he coined the term "Big Bang" as an insult to the theory. However, proponents of the theory liked the name, and so adopted it.

By noting how rapidly galaxies are flying apart from each other, and how far apart they are now, we can calculate how far back in time it was that they started to fly apart. No different than the question, "Since the time Pat and Sam both began their journey at the same point on the highway, they have traveled at a speed of 100 kilometers per hour. They are now 200 kilometers apart. How long have they been traveling apart from each other?"

The present calculations of the age of the Universe by this method -- about 13.7 billion years -- agree quite well with other calculations, that were derived in a totally independent manner.

Neutrons. A very similar word is neutral. And neutral means no side. So a neutron has no charge.

With that in mind, neutrons don't affect the charge of an atom. Instead, they contribute to part of the mass of an atom. They also affect the life of an atom or its stability. :)

There is no electro-static repulsion for neutral particles like neutrons.

Baryons -- such as protons and neutrons -- experience an attractive force between each that is very strong but short-ranged. Its name (a not very clever one) is the strong nuclear force. Without this strong force, no elements beyond hydrogen could exist.

Cosmic rays are high-energy particles that can penetrate through the human body, potentially causing damage to cells and DNA. Prolonged exposure to cosmic rays can increase the risk of cancer and other health issues. However, Earth's atmosphere provides some protection against cosmic rays, and the risk for most people on the ground is relatively low.

The main components of the universe are matter (including atoms and particles), energy, and the fabric of spacetime. These elements interact and give rise to everything we observe in the universe, including galaxies, stars, planets, and living organisms. Additionally, dark matter and dark energy are believed to make up a significant portion of the universe, even though they cannot be directly observed.

During the Big Bang, the universe underwent rapid expansion, releasing a vast amount of energy and matter. Following this, fundamental forces like gravity, electromagnetism, and the strong and weak nuclear forces began to separate and interact differently, leading to the formation of elements and structures in the early universe. As the universe cooled down, particles started to combine to form atoms and eventually galaxies and stars began to emerge.

Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation has been discovered via WMAP mission and it is suggested that this has been left over from the Big Bang and galactic clusters are still moving away from each other at an ever increasing acceleration. WMAP's measurements played the key role in establishing the current Standard Model of Cosmology: the Lambda-CDM model. In the Lambda-CDM model of the observable universe, the age of the observable universe is 13.772 ± 0.059 billion years.

The actual presence of the gas cloud's contents will absorb certain wavelengths of Light, preventing the passage of certain photons through the cloud, that results in that Light not reaching us - producing a blank line in the observed spectrum.

A linear accelerator works by having a magnet at the end of the accelerator. If the particle is neutral then it will not be attracted to the magnet and therefore nothing will happen, as in the case of a neutron.

The cosmological argument is a type of argument for the existence of God based on the idea that the universe must have a cause that originated it. It asserts that everything that begins to exist must have a cause, and since the universe began to exist, it must also have a cause. This argument has been debated for centuries by philosophers and theologians.

Neutrons are 1836.128973 times more massive than an electron, which can be rounded up to 2000 if it so pleases you.

It is called dark matter. Dark matter is undetectable and invisible.

A neutron has a lifetime of about 15 minutes. This means that if you wait roughly 15 minutes there is a good chance the neutron will have decayed into other particles. So lone neutron just decay quickly, that is why there aren't any around.

A neutron in an atomic nucleus is stable however (fortunately for us!).

Dark matter MIGHT be made of neutrinos. Problem is, we can't be certain because of two gaps in our knowledge:

1) how much mass is in one neutrino? We have an upper limit for its mass (about 1 eV) and we have a lower limit for its mass (about 0.04 eV); but we don't know any better than that.

2) how many neutrinos are out there? We can make a general estimate of how many neutrinos existed near the start of the Big Bang, but even this has some variation. Then we must ask what percentage of neutrinos have decayed in the last 13.7 billion years. Again, we know that neutrinos decay, but we don't have a good idea of how often they do so.

As we get a better idea of the answer to (1) and (2), we might be able to either conclude that neutrinos account for almost all of the dark matter, or that they account for very little. Until then, we're just multiplying a speculative number times a speculative number times a speculative number.