Database Programming

1. Abstraction : model is described using universal principles and properties- reusable across situations, hides complexity.

2. Transparency : close representation to real world-intuitively clear and understandable from any point of view.

3. Effectiveness : readily translated into actual information systems that are durable, reliable, and extensible.

The insert problem by denormalized design is caused because all records must have a primary key set before it can be stored.

We designate one of the candidate key of a relation to be a primary key because that primary key is use for any foreign key references.

to implement operations on binary heap in c

Following are the roles of a DBA.

1) Secures data

2) Configures and maintains user profile

3) Assigns previleges for access

4) Maintain database statistics and plans expansions in hardware and software

5) Continuous system development

A database trigger is an action that the database management software will perform automatically when a preset list of conditions are met. Different database vendors have different mechanisms in place for the declaration of triggers, but the principles remain the same.

data dictionary

procedure- to tell what you did step by step for your project

A mathematical technique for dealing with imprecise data and problems that have many solutions rather than one. Although it is implemented in digital computers which ultimately make only yes-no decisions, fuzzy logic works with ranges of values, solving problems in a way that more resembles human logic. Fuzzy logic is used for solving problems with expert systems and real-time systems that must react to an imperfect environment of highly variable, volatile or unpredictable conditions. It "smoothes the edges" so to speak, circumventing abrupt changes in operation that could result from relying on traditional either-or and all-or-nothing logic.

Relational set operators in dbms uses algebra to manipulates contents in a data base. there are many different operation in Dbms ,they are :-

1.Union

2.intersect

3.Product

4.select

5.Project

6.divide

what are the advantages of line management?

I think the difference is that RMI uses AAAAAA and the procedure uses BBBB

View in SQL is a virtual table.It is possible to add SQL functions ,WHERE and JOIN statements to a view.This will help in presenting the data as if coming from a single table.It is possible to update the view also .We can drop a view also if not needed.

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It provides a better and faster method to search a particular item you are looking for. When you issue a select statement to have a particular item with some condition, it searches the whole DB to get the answer for you. Instead if you have some indexes to it, the searching is done faster.

FALSE....

cuz in && operator the compiler chk both of the expression if any of the expression is false then answer will be false..

for true result both of d expression must be true...

by warrior2pnk

Advantages of Distributed Systems over Centralized ones

1:Incremental growth:Computing power can be added in small

increments

2:Reliability:If one machine crashes, the system as a whole can

still survive

3:Speed:

A distributed system may have more total computing power than a

mainframe

4:Open system:

This is the most important point and themost characteristic point

of a distributed system.

Since it is an open system it is always ready to communicate with

other systems.

an open system that scales has an advantage over a perfectly closed

and self-contained system.

Economic:ANd Microprocessors offer a better price/performance than

mainframes

Disadvantages of Distributed Systems over Centralized ones

1:As i previously told you distributed systems will have an

inherent security issue.

2:Networking:If the network gets saturated then problems with

transmission will surface.

3:Software:There is currently very little less software support for

Distributed system.

4:Troubleshooting:Troubleshooting and diagnosing problems in a

distributed system can also become more difficult, because the

analysis may require connecting to remote nodes or inspecting

communication between nodes.

To design my own distribute system i would do the following:

1:Distributed users always pose a threat to be exposed by

hackers.Therefore I'l create groups of users and will provide them

constrained access to data.

2:Authentication required by all users who use the system.

3:encryption..that is for message protection,

4:The whole Domain is also to be protected via firewalls..so i

would install good Firewalls.

5:Would install good anti viruses on my machines which are a part of the distributed system, as these systems are prone to the domino effect that is if one system gets effected the whole network will be susceptible to becoming effected.

6:Design:

As far as possible I'll keep the design simple and as local as possible.Will probably use a virtual private network.

Will use machines that are compatible with each other.

Will enforce secure access on all users.

Will probably save the most important, the database on another well equipped machine so that it has a system that is only dedicated to look after the database.

without you will not be able to create a relationship

The qualifier signed or unsigned may be applied to char or any integer. unsigned numbers are always positive or zero, and obey the laws of arithmetic modulo 2n, where n is the number of bits in the type. So, for instance, if charsare 8 bits, unsigned charvariables have values between 0 and 255, while signed charshave values between -128 and 127 (in a two's complement machine.) Whether plain charsare signed or unsigned is machine-dependent, but printable characters are always positive.

unique key

The term SQL alone implies Structured Query Language as per the ANSI standard. Every Database Management System (DBMS) has its own "software" that makes it work. That being said, the term "SQL DBA" alone does not make any sense without mentioning the vendor specific DBMS you are managing. So, an SQL Server DBA is an administrator of Microsoft's SQL Server.

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Simplicity is more complex, it makes the design look clean, and professional.

There are lots of programs that can be used to create databases. People use programs like Microsoft Access. They use Oracle. They use dBase. They use MySQL. They use many others. People can also write their own programs to do it.

Normalization is a process of reducing redundancies of data in a database. If you don't normalize you will have to repeat data entry.