Electronics Engineering

A circuit board It is a board containing devices passive and/or active that can be installed on a system to make it whole. Usualy refered a PCB OR PRINTED CIRCUIT BOARD.
its a board of circuits

In order to fabricate the p type and n type semiconductors..... we are doing the doping process.

No, we don not consider the barrier voltage of a diode to be able to act as a voltage source. The barrier voltage arises during construction of the p-n junction, and it results from charge separation. Separating charges results in voltage, but this difference of potential cannot be tapped as a voltage source because it cannot supply current the way we understand conventional voltage sources are able do.

i dont know

1001+1001

- Constructing a BCD-to-excess-3-code converter with a 4-bitt adder we know that the excess-3 code digit is obtained by adding three to the corresponding BCD digit. To change the circuit to an excess-3-to-BCD-code converter we feed BCD-code to the 4-bit adder as the first operand. Then feed constant 3 as the second operand. The output is the corresponding excess-3 code. To make it a BCD to excess-3 converter, we feed the 2's complement of 3 as the second operand. - Constructing a BCD-to-excess-3-code converter with a 4-bitt adder we know that the excess-3 code digit is obtained by adding three to the corresponding BCD digit. To change the circuit to an excess-3-to-BCD-code converter we feed BCD-code to the 4-bit adder as the first operand. Then feed constant 3 as the second operand. The output is the corresponding excess-3 code. To make it a BCD to excess-3 converter, we feed the 2's complement of 3 as the second operand.

1. Provides a high data rate.

2. cost of purchsing towers for transmission is pretty low.

3. small antennas are required.

4. No cables needed

5. Multiple channels available

6. Wide bandwidth

Every line has an upper limit and a lower limit on the frequency of signals it can carry. This limited range is called the bandwidth. The signals ranging within the upper limit & lower limit are called bandwidth signals.

It is a routine in a micro controllers program where the program jumps to after receiving a interrupt on the micro's interrupt pin. Because most micro's can only run one programme at a time, one need a way for the micro to stop doing what it's busy with, to service an outside peripheral that need urgent attention. For instance the micro is running a flashing LED, a push button that one want to use to stop the flashing and start to flash another LED is connected to the interrupt pin of the micro then the program save what it was busy with on a stag and immediately start the interrupt routine.

It can be used any where and it is preferred over PNP transistor because mobility of electron is much greater than hole.
Some applications of NPN transistors
Switching
amplification(audio amplifiers)
In manufacturing of several ICs(including 741,and TTL(74 series)).

To remove the noise

600 volts is five times the 120 volt primary, so the secondary winding must have 750 turns, which is five times as many turns as the 150 turns of the primary winding.

In digital communications, a digit is either a one or a zero, or an "on" or an "off" signal. The wave shape that is composed of "on's and off's" is the square wave.

e1 the basic data rate of communication in telecom( european ,india as well)...

It is made up to 32 channels of 64 kbps PCM Time Slot (ISDN) each ...

Time frame: 448ns

Bit rate: 125us

Bit no in 1 Time frame: 8

so E1=2048 kbps

0 and 16th channel used for synchronizing, remote access and monitoring

E2 is 4xE1 package=8448 kbps

E3 is 4xE2 package=24368 kbps

E4 is 4xE3 package=139264 kbps

An electric generator converts mechanical energy to electric energy while a motor converts electric energy to mechanical. A generator can actually act as a motor if it losses whatever is making it spin (called "motoring"), which is usually a very bad thing. Motors may be used as generators as well, depending on their design.

Let t=0 denote the start of transmission.At t=1 msec,the first frame has been fully
transmitted.At t=271 msec,the first frame has fully arrived.At t=272 msec,the frame
acknowledging the first one has been fully sent.At t=542 msec,the acknowledgement-bearing
frame has fully arrived.Thus, the cycle is 542 msec.A total of k frames are sent in 542 msec,for an
efficiency of k/542.Hence
(a)k=1,efficiency=1/542=0.18%
(b)k=7,efficiency=7/542=1.29%
(c)k=4,efficiency=4/542=0.74%

The power dissipated by a diode is P = Vf x I watts, where Vf is the forward voltage drop on diode (typically 0.5 volts for silicon diode) and I is the current.

well a voltmeter measures AC and DC voltage. resistance is a term used only for DC voltage, A voltmeter uses a term called Impedance for AC, without it, when you measure across two terminals it would create a short circuit and would blow up the meter. it is basically a safety feature to prevent people from creating short circuits when measuring.

Transformer step-up/step-down voltage is turns-ratio, so if a transformer has 20 primary windings and 100 secondary windings (a turns-ratio of 1 to 5) and the secondary voltage is 25, then is the primary voltage is 5.

The bulb converts energy from the power source into light and heat. It is the load in the circuit.

Soldering iron, solder, flux

A choke is an inductor. The impedance of an inductor is dependent on the frequency of the current flowing through it. The greater the frequency, the higher the impedance.

Therefore an inductor when used as a choke blocks the flow of high frequency current (by presenting a high impedance), while allowing low frequency or direct current to flow through it.

Its function is to block ("choke") high frequencies while passing low frequencies.

Electricians will tell you that a differential amplifier is a type of electronic amplifier that amplifies the difference between two voltages but does not change the particular voltages.

O K is absolute zero. At absolute zero, the electrons of the semi conductors are trapped and are immovable from their electron shell as they are in a low energy state. This makes the pure semiconductor an insulator. One must heat the semiconductor to give the electrons enough energy to move to free them from their electron shell, and thus conduct.