Electronics Engineering

Electrons flow from negative to positive. In an auto, it's actually flowing from your chassis to a more positive part of the circuit (less electrons).A conductor can hold a variable number of electrons. For instance, one particular conductor might be able to have 4 or 5 electrons.

If it has 4, then it will snatch one from another Atom that has 5. If it has 5, it will give up one electron to an atom that has only 4. The most positive part of the circuit has a electron deficit (a stupid way to say it, i know). This determines the direction of travel.

In a perfect conductor, electrons flow at the speed of light. Conductors that are used in the real world cause a delay in the speed of electron flow.

This answer is incorrect. Electrons always move below the speed of light. They have mass. This is a popular misconception. Electrons in a perfect conductor would move fairly quickly, but for example, when you flip on a light switch, the flow of electrons through the wire occurs at roughly a rate of 8.4 cm/hour. It's the entire flow along the tube that starts from one end, and simeultaneously pushes the other end that creates the illusion of instant action.

A capacitor joined with a sinusoidal voltage source will bring about a relocation current to move through it. For the situation that the voltage source is V0cos(ωt), the displacement current can be communicated as:

I = C \frac{dV}{dt} = - \omega {C}{V_\text{0}}\sin(\omega t)

At sin(ωt) = - 1, the capacitor has a most extreme (or top) current whereby I0 = ωCV0. The proportion of crest voltage to crest current is because of capacitive reactance (signified XC).

X_C = \frac{V_\text{0}}{I_\text{0}} = \frac{V_\text{0}}{\omega C V_\text{0}} = \frac{1}{\omega C}

XC methodologies zero as ω methodologies endlessness. In the event that XC approaches 0, the capacitor looks like a short wire that emphatically passes current at high frequencies. XC approaches boundlessness as ω methodologies zero. On the off chance that XC approaches unendingness, the capacitor looks like an open circuit that ineffectively passes low frequencies.

The current of the capacitor may be communicated as cosines to better contrast and the voltage of the source:

I = - {I_\text{0}}{\sin({\omega t}}) = {I_\text{0}}{\cos({\omega t} + {90^\circ})}

In this circumstance, the current is out of stage with the voltage by +π/2 radians or +90 degrees.

it's highest swing positive or negative. 90 and 270 degrees. the peak for a 10vAC generator would be 10vAC

In the basic configuration, a capacitor is constructed with two parallel conductor plates with a layer of insulating material in between. When the cap is hooked up to the AC power supply, the voltage (v) across the plates and the charge (q) induced on the plates follow this capacitance expression:

C = dq/dv or i = C dv/dt, where C is determined by the properties of the insulating material and the geometry of the cap (in the case of the parallel plates, the separation between the two electrodes (t).

For the parallel plates, C can be written as (dielectric constant * plate area / t). Electrically, the change in the charge induced on the plates (dq), is directly related to the change in voltage difference (dv) between the two plates, since C is a constant. Theoretically, no energy is lost by charging and discharging the cap with an AC current. When the cap absorbs electrical energy from the power supply, it stores the energy in the electric field in the insulator. When discharging, the cap gives the stored energy back to the circuit -- hence, no energy loss.

In a circuit, we use the cap to prolong/smoothen/resist any voltage change in time or to absorb a sudden energy surge (electrostatic discharge and power-line glitches, for example).

In most cases it is a dual-slope integration ADC (analog to digital converter).

This is known as a direct current or DC. The two major types of currents are AC (alternating current) and DC (direct current). In AC the charges move back and forth, but in DC the charges flow in JUST ONE DIRECTION. Due to this characteristic it will not reverse direction like AC can.

That depends on how much resistance is called for through the engineering, there is tiny resistance (mf) microfared on up huge resistance seen on electrical poles. Your circuit engineering formula dictates the needed resistance or it will just burn or not flow at all, you cannot answer the question without first asking a question..How much resistance do you need. They can be produce for virtually any tolerance.

The subwoofer is the actual speaker making the loud bass. The amplifier is what powers the subwoofer and makes it work how it does. It only uses the low frequencies from the audio source and amplifies it.

The center tapped full wave rectifier depends on two similar windings, each 180 degrees out of phase with respect to each other. You are only going to get that with a center tapped winding. Without the center tap, you need four diodes.

Yes, although the question is poorly formed. The ratio of the voltage in the primary winding to the voltage in the secondary winding is the same as the ratio of the number of turns in the primary winding to the number of turns in the secondary winding. For example, if the primary had 1200 turns with the secondary having 120 turns, and the primary voltage was 50 volts, then the secondary would be 5 volts. This is a ratio of 10:1.

A "three-phase system" is a polyphase system having three phases. The term "polyphase system" just means a system having multiple phases. If it is used by itself, "a polyphase system" doesn't mean "a three-phase system".

This is not a valid question by itself. Joules are units of energy, while Amps are units of electrical current. However, if you also know the Voltage of the electrical current, you can multiply the Current[Amps]*Voltage[Volts] to get the Power in Watts. Watts are equivalent to Joules per second. If you then know the amount of time of the current flow, you can calculate the total number of Joules by multiplying the Power[Watts]*Time[seconds] = Energy[Joules]

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The output of a common emitter stage is inverted, it is not out of phase.

Yes. A steady current will produce a magnetic field, B= uI/r

activation polarization is a polarization due to charge transfer kinetics of the electrochemical process involved.

its a n channel jfet(field effect transistor) manufactured by Motorola

In shortg circuit current is infinitive.

Ceramic capacitors can be used anywhere a capacitor having very low internal parasitic inductance is required. Most commonly they are used as powersupply bypass capacitors. They are also sometimes used for coupling capacitors for HF signal amplifiers.

If we discuss the different between these two forms of the signals that is; analog and digital then we should discuss it in different aspects such as working, their architectures, pros and cons as well. The major differences among the two signals are listed below

The vast majority of devices that use piezoelectric crystals (piezoelectric buzzers, fish finders, atomic force microscopes, etc.) use crystals of lead zirconate titanate (PZT).

The crystal oscillator in a computer or digital clock uses the piezoelectric effect, but it is usually made of pure quartz (silicon dioxide).

Many different crystals and other materials exhibit the piezoelectric effect, including quartz crystals, cane sugar, and bone.

Normally I would expect the elements to be wired in parallel so that the loss of one element does not cause the others not to work. It is possible for some manufacturers to wire a pair of elements in series so that they could use say 110v elements as standard so that they can be utilized on 230v toasters as well.

First you should rectify the input ac voltage, but instead of using diode bridge, use a thyristor bridge(in diode bridge change the diodes to thyristor).

Connect the gates of the thristors together, cause they all must have the same fire angle.

On a paper calculate the dc level of the full wave signal(dc level of a full wave rectifier with thyristor is ready on your notebook or can find it on the internet by a simple search) to find the fire angle of the thyristors.

Now you can change the fire angle of the thyristors by changing the currents of the gates to get your desired dc level.

now you have a signal with your desired dc level, then smooth the output by a capacitor.