Electronics Engineering

so disabled people know how far there walking (wheeling if they have no legs)

• advantage - less ripple, possibly allowing use of less expensive filtering and regulating circuits
• disadvantages - more parts and/or more expensive parts needed in rectifier circuit

jitne aasman me taare

Complexity of the receiver.

SSBSC says it all: Single Side-Band, Suppressed Carrier

The spectrum of an AM signal includes two (mirror) sidebands, on either side of the carrier (the nominal AM frequency on the dial). By suppressing a sideband and the carrier, the transmitter can spare the energy that would otherwise go into those signal components, which can represent two-thirds of the total energy in a standard AM signal.

This comes at a cost of higher complexity in the receiver, since it needs to recreate the missing parts of the signal before it can demodulate it. And since there is no carrier frequency, a superetherodyne receiver (that can lock on to the carrier, like all modern AM receivers) will not work; other strategies must be used to compensate carrier drift.

today the general rule of thumb is that if the pressure sensor has a millivolt (e.g. 30mV or 100mV) or non-amplified output it is a pressure transducer. If the pressure sensor has a voltage (e.g. 0-5Vdc, 0-10Vdc or 1-5Vdc) output it is an amplified voltage output pressure transducer. If a pressure sensor has a current loop output (e.g. 2 wire 4-20mA or 3 wire 0/4-20mA) it is a pressure transmitter. Simply we can tell as Transducer: Any physical Quantity is converted into Electrical Signal. Transmitter: to make the amplified RF electrical signal to radiation with help of Electric and maganetic signal.

Potential difference = Current * Resistance

so putting in the values of p.d. and current and finding the value of resistance gives a value of 40 ohms.

An n-type semiconductor is typically pure silicon, doped with a Group 5 element, such as gallium.

Silicon has four (4) electrons in its valence shell, while gallium has five (5). Therefore, when they bond, the fifth electron is promoted to the conduction band as the other 4 have been filled up. This is also called a donor atom.

Now, since there are free electrons in the conduction band, they carry 'extra' negative charge. Thus, it is called an n-type semiconductor.

The p-type semiconductor is similar, except a Group 3 element is used, such as boron. This has 3 valence electrons, creating a positive charge carrier (hole) in the lattice. Thus, there are more positive 'charges,' making it a p-type semiconductor.

That would be a 200 Ohm resistor, and you didn't mention the tolerance, so I'm guessing you didn't see another band which means the tolerance would be at 20%

Consider ideal diode to be connected in series with resistor of 6k
Silicon diode forward bias voltage = 0.7 volts
Current across 6k resistor = (5-0.7)/6000 amperes
Voltage across {resistor + diode}=4.3 + 0.7=5v


If silicon internal resistance is 6k then voltage across diode=5v
If external resistance is 6k and diode resistance is negligible then voltage across diode=0.7v

Amps are a measure of current flow in an electrical circuit and represent the physical number of electrons passing a point in a circuit per second. 1 Amp of current flowing in a circuit means that every second 6.242 x 10e18 electrons goes past a point on the circuit.

Volts are a measure of how much energy each electron has with reference to another point. A voltage is a difference in energy and has no meaning without a reference point. 1 Volt means that for every 6.022 x 10e23 electrons, there is one joule of electrical energy.

Ohms are units of resistance, how much opposition the conductor provides to the current. Resistance is related to the phyiscal size of the conductor.

These three units relate to each other in Ohm's Law: Voltage = Current x Resistance because if there is more opposition to the current, there needs to be more energy to make it flow.

A common illustraiton of an electrical circuit is a water pipe: Amps is how fast the water is flowing, Voltage between two points is the pressure difference and Ohms describe how big the pipe is and if there is any obstruction inside it.

Some capacitors are polarity sensitive; some are not. It depends on the design. Electrolytic capacitors, for instance, are polarity sensitive, while ceramic disc capacitors are not. You can generally tell, if the capacitor is marked with polarity signs, such as + and -, if it is or not.

An inverter design and components vary with requirements but following components are most commonly used in designing an inverter.

1.microcontroller:Microcontroller is the main and integral part of an inverter. The main working of microcontroller is to control the switching of signals according to the requirements.

2.Bipolar Junction Transistor:BJT or a bipolar junction transistor is a three layered device which is capable of controlling the current flow.

3.Mosfets:The Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor-Field-Effect-Transistor (MOSFET) is a voltage controlled device and requires a very small input current.It is mainly used for switching of electronic signals as its switching speed is very high.

4.Filters:At times it is desirable to have circuits capable of selectively filtering one frequency or range of frequencies out of a mix of different frequencies in a circuit.

This IC is mainly used in Inverter circuits. It's very compact and has a very high life in inverter circuits.

Any system you design will have an input and an output. The output will connect to the input of another system which will load it, so when you are designing any system you have to consider how loading it will effect the circuit performance.

FM provides noise immunity, whereas AM is easily affected by noise.

With FM, the amplitude of the sound is converted into a shift in frequency. So the volume is limited by the bandwidth, but the frequency of the sound can vary as much as it likes, giving a higher fidelity sound.

Spikes induced on the signal usually affect the amplitude of the signal. The amplitude of an FM signal is not used in the demodulation process and is therefore immune to spikes in the signal.

AM was first used in radio because it is very easy to achieve using basic components. A single rectifier only, is needed to recover the audio.

FM is quite a complicated process and could only be achieved once electronics had progressed.

There are 142 light sources. The types of light forms are Natural which are Celestial and atmospheric light, terrestrial, and nuclear or high energy related. Other categories are direct chemical, electric powered, electron stimulated, incandescent lamps, electroluminescent lamps, gas discharged lamps, high intensity discharge, laser, combustion, nuclear, and others.

Passive components are components that don't require power being applied in order for them to work. A transformer would be considered an active component because it requires power to operate, while a capacitor, resistor and similar items are considered passive, and many perform multiple functions. For instance, a capacitor will pass AC while storing DC, a resistor can be used to limit voltage or current, etc.

when the DC current flows through the capacitor .the leakage of the charges is in capacitor called Dc leakage capacitor .

The feasible means of converting raw inputs like steel, labor, and machinery into outputs are summarized by production processes or production functions. These functions outline the relationship between inputs and the quantity of output produced, indicating how efficiently resources are utilized. They often consider factors such as technology, scale of production, and the specific combination of inputs to achieve optimal results. Ultimately, effective management of these inputs leads to increased productivity and economic efficiency.

The best way to answer this question might be to consider the consequences if the input impedance was low: with a low input impedance, (signifficant) current would start flowing, and the amplifier would draw energy from the signal sources. None of the typical signal sources is designed to deliver energy on its outputs (after all, this is where the amplifier itself comes in). It is certainly possible to think that some of these sources might be changed to deliver some energy, but this is not the case with present-time tuners, CD players, microphones, and so forth. Assuming that the energy supply was not the issue, just to ponder this theoretical scenario a little further, the fact that current would flow from the source to the amplifier would also make the signal more vulnerable to the characteristics of the cable that connects the two. The high impedance of an amplifier input draws no energy, thereby avoiding these issues. It is the amplifier's task to convert a very low energy, voltage-driven signal into an higher energy output signal (driving the speakers which themselves have a very low impedance). ---- The way I typically think about this is to consider connecting a load to a Thevenin equivalent circuit [1]. The voltage across the load is given by the voltage divider formula (Vload = Vsrc * Rload/(Rload+Rthevenin)). If there is a very low load impedance--this means the amplifier has a very low input impedance--most of the source voltage will drop over the Thevenin equivalent resistance. With a very high input impedance, however, the majority of the signal voltage will be transferred from the source to the load because in the above equation, if Rload >> Rthevenin, Vload is approximately equal to Vsrc. if an amplifier has low impedance input the f/b must be low impedance also which make it in practical to use. The hi impedance of a typical amplifier is because the input is one two diodes basically operating on it exponential curve. Making it virtual the same as the other diode. for a differential amplifier. Boltzmann constant will define the impedance of a single diode.

It depends on the transistor. Minimum base-emitter junction voltage can be as low as 0.6 volts for a silicon transistor, and as low as 0.2 volts for a germanium transistor.