Evolution

Most of the "higher evolved" animals I can think of have a vestigial structure or two. The most common example given is of the vestigial leg structures that can be found in the back of whales. Ostriches can't fly so i think their wings are considered vestigial. Humans have a vestigial tail bone.

Darwin noted similarities in species far removed from each other. His observations of finch beaks on the Galapagos Islands was one key piece of information helping him formulate his theory. Darwin did not realize these birds were finches to begin with. Only after he brought specimens back to England did an ornithologist point out what his birds were. The adaptations in beaks was one of the things that helped him piece together his theory.

Other evidence existed in the numerous fossils Darwin accumulated. These fossils showed gradual changes in species over vast periods of time. Birds and reptiles are diapsids, whereas all mammals (including humans) are synapsids. Darwin conjectured some fossil might exist to show a link between reptiles and birds, and that fossil was Archeopteryx. Since then we have found numerous other examples of transitions between species.

Yet more evidence is found in genetic similarities. On the basis of their anatomy organisms can be grouped into tree like structures of nested hierarchies. These nested hierarchies are evidence of common ancestry. Any other classification system would constitute evidence against common ancestry, and hence against evolution. However, genetic analysis produces identical overlapping tree structures. This is considered excellent evidence for the soundness of the foundational theory of biology.

The levels or organization are: cells -->tissues--->organs--->organ systems--->organism. The heart is an organ of the organ system called the cardiovascular system. This includes the heart, veins and arteries and blood.

punctuated equilibria accounts for the gaps in the fossil record. Species evolve quickly during relatively short periods. Tiny changes in a species gradually add up to major changes over very long periods of time.

Gradualism proposes that evolution occurs slowly but steadily. These periods of rapid change are separated by long periods of little or no change.

Evolution is the change in allele frequency over time in a population of organisms. This is observed and observable. In plant this can be seen in one generation by the process of polyploidy. Where chromosome number can double, for example, in one mating and thus fulfill the definition of both evolution and speciation.

Survival of the species in a changing environment. A species evolves when its survival is threatened by its environment.

EX: Ho-mo sapiens evolved from primitive hominids by natural selection of those hominids with the larger brains. So gradually the primates acquired larger brains and were better able to survive by out-thinking their predators, including other hominids.

Ho-mo sapiens means "wise man" in Latin.

It isn't. Evolution is just something that happens where you have populations of organisms. To any individual organism doesn't matter one hoot that its distant ancestor was different than itself, or that its remote descendants will be different again.

1) every large population

2) no emigration or immgration (no gene flow)

3) no mutations: no new alleles added to the gene pool

4) random mating: no sexual selection

5) no natural selection: all genotypes have equal chance at surviving

Alfred Russel Wallace independently came up with the theory of evolution. His and Darwin's papers on evolution were jointly presented in 1858, and so both are credited with the discovery of evolution by natural selection.

ID in pharma talks about Growth of individual brand in relation to growth of a molecule or combination for a particulat period of Time in a .

Like amoxycillin oral growing x percent and Brand aaa Containg amoxycillin growing by y percent.Then ID =Y/D

Adaptation is a trait or structure that improves an organism's chance for survival and reproduction. Benthos is organisms that live on or near the ocean bottom, sometimes attached to surfaces.

External selection forces that make survival hard.

To get the fastest rate of evolution these forces should kill or disable 50% to 90% of the individuals in each generation before they are able to reproduce. But these forces should not kill so many as to make the species go extinct. In most cases these forces only kill or disable less than 10% of the individuals in each generation before they are able to reproduce.

The theory of evolution by natural selection.

1) Protista

2) Fungi

3) Plantae

4) Animalia

Due to genes and mutations, organisms show variation within a species. Changes in the environment can put a selective pressure on the species - certain mutations may be more beneficial, therefore more individuals with that mutation will exist, as they survive and breed. This process is called Natural Selection.

variation

Success in the context of natural selection means reproductive success, or fitness. It refers to the average number of fertile offspring raised by any variant, lineage or population as a whole.

They are against it because it goes against their beliefs, so they try to prove it wrong but only end up losing.

It isn't. Evolution can in principle be understood without ever referring to geology. Geology can help us understand the specifics of our natural history though. It can tell us about factors in the evolution of species, or it can show us how species were geographically distributed in the past. But geology is not required for evolution - nor is a knowledge of geology required for an understanding of evolution.

He made his dicovery 1815 about the Theory of Evolution

At first, such a star will convert hydrogen-1 into helium-4; later, it will convert helium-4 into heavier atoms, up to about iron.

They are ALL multicellular (many cells).