Evolution

Sexual selection occurs, where females choose mates based on specific traits that may indicate genetic quality and fitness. In this case, the trait of building strong nests and helping care for young is being selected for in male birds by females, as it increases the chances of their offspring's survival. This selection process helps ensure that males with these advantageous traits pass them on to future generations.

Evolution is the process by which species of organisms change over time through the processes of natural selection, mutation, genetic drift, and gene flow. It explains how life on Earth has diversified and adapted to different environments over millions of years.

The blending of genetic traits with sexual reproduction would have falsified evolutionary theory.

When Darwin first started his work on evolutionary theory, he was afraid that rather than being atomary, genetic traits would blend over time. This would make it impossible for a specific trait to remain unchanged for any length of time, and therefore impossible for natural selection to favour it in any significant way.

Fortunately, Mendel's contemporary work showed that genetic traits *are* atomary, and do not blend with reproduction. Unfortunately for Darwin, he went to his grave without ever learning about this. His evolutionary theory was only modified to include Mendel's work more than half a century after his death.

The hottest 10 years on Earth have occurred since 2005, with the majority falling between 2010 and 2020. This trend is attributed to ongoing climate change driven by human activities, particularly the burning of fossil fuels.

The common ancestry theory proposes that all living organisms on Earth share a common ancestor. This idea is supported by evidence from evolutionary biology, genetics, and the fossil record, showing similarities in the genetic code and biological structures across different species. It underpins the understanding of evolutionary relationships between organisms and the diversity of life on our planet.

No. Evolution is accepted as legitimate evidence-supported science by virtually 100% of professional biologists, by 95% of scientists in general, and almost every National or International Academy of Science on the planet has issued one or more statements confirming evolution is legitimate science well supported by all available evidence.

Genetic dominance?

One gene is dominant over the other gene in the chromosome pair by having it protein product made totally at the expense of the recessive gene, or the protein product dominates production.

For instance, blue eye color is recessive to brown eye color. You have two alleles ( different molecular form of the same gene ) in this case; one from one parent and one from the other parent. Only the brown allele expresses and is called dominant then.

The unit of inheritance that is passed from parent to offspring is called a gene. Genes are segments of DNA that contain the instructions for building and maintaining an organism's cells and tissues, and are responsible for the transmission of hereditary traits from one generation to the next.

Adaptation is a trait or characteristic that increases an organism's fitness in its environment, allowing it to survive and reproduce better. Diversity of life is related to evolution through the process of natural selection, where organisms with advantageous adaptations are more likely to survive and pass on their genes to the next generation, leading to the accumulation of diverse traits over time.

A defective allele is more likely to be eliminated from a population if it is dominant. This is because it is immediately exposed to the effects of selection, as only one copy of a dominant allele is needed for it's characteristic to be developed.

If an allele is recessive it can survive in a population as it is 'hidden' from selection by the presence of the corresponding dominant allele. It will only beexposed to selectionif an individual inherits the recessive allele from both parents. If the recessive allele is rare, the chances of two individuals with the allele mating could be quite small. In this way a defective recesssive allele could survive at low levels in a population.

Some believe embryos all looking startlingly alike in the early stages of development suggests that organisms had a common ancestor.

However, while it is commonly believed that embryos are very much alike in the early stages of their development, this is actually not true, and is based upon drawings produced by evolutionary apologist Ernst Haeckel in the 19th century. For over 60 years this scientific notion has been recognized as a fraud and the theory of 'embryonic recapitulation' (the reliving of evolutionary history in the embryonic stage of organisms) theory has been invalidated. What is surprising is that this discredited theory is still taught and the pictures reproduced in science textbooks down to the present day.

In any case, even if embryos were in fact similar, this would not necessarily prove evolution, but could also quite logically be evidence of a common designer, just as the Porsche and the Volkswagen, with their resultant similarities, were both designed by Dr Porsche.

The study of evolution is a lifetime occupation for many scientists, but what most people need to know is that evolution is the process of change by which primitive early species developed into more complex ones. It is the process by which all life forms, that we know today, emerged.

The process of evolution has been ongoing for billions of years, with life forms gradually changing and adapting to their environments over time. The exact duration can vary depending on the specific species or traits being considered.

Programs using evolutionary development can be difficult to maintain because they often lack proper documentation and design specifications since they are continuously evolving. This can introduce complexity and make it challenging for new developers to understand the system. Additionally, frequent changes in the codebase can lead to dependency issues and technical debt, making it harder to add new features or fix bugs efficiently.

One of Darwin's key insights was that the traits of individuals that enable them to survive and reproduce in their environment will become more common in future generations. This process, known as natural selection, leads to the gradual adaptation of populations to their environment over time.

Fertilization typically occurs in the fallopian tube after ovulation, when a sperm cell successfully penetrates and fertilizes an egg. This usually happens within 24 hours after the egg is released from the ovary.

Evolution is driven by natural selection, genetic mutation, genetic drift, and gene flow. These processes act on the variation within a population, leading to changes in traits over generations. Ultimately, evolution is a result of organisms adapting to their environments to increase their chances of survival and reproduction.

Yes, speciation is an example of micro-evolution in organisms. It refers to the process by which distinct species evolve from a common ancestor through the accumulation of genetic differences over time. This gradual divergence can lead to the formation of new species that are reproductively isolated from one another.

Evolution can be just a noun derived from the verb 'to evolve'. It means to develop, to change...

There is an evolution of everything in this sense; evolution of language, evolution of one's knowledge of a book's characters as one progresses through a book, evolution of a garden as one plants more things, evolution of this answer as I progress through writing it, evolution of the sort of questions asked on WikiAnswers...

However, the questioner most probably desires an explanation of biological evolution. This is known as the Theory of Evolution and Darwinism. It was made famous by its hypothesiser Charles Darwin. Since its hypothesis state it is now the greatest underlying theory of biology.

It explains, along with its mechanism of Natural Selection, how organisms change over time. Gene frequencies change in populations of eukaryotes, genes are shuffled at eukaryotic meiosis and prokaryote genomes change by mutation. All these mechanisms bring about phenotypic change. Change is inevitable with the, not 100% faithful replicators, nucleic acids enclosed within the outer membranes of organisms.

Change can be selected by Natural Selection. Not all phenotypes are suited to environments and those nonsuited are eliminated by Natural Selection and this further modifies gene frequencies in populations (in eukaryotes), giving more continuous scope for evolution.

Evolution is traced via comparative genetics and genomics, comparative anatomy, comparative biochemistry and the fossil record.

According to the Theory of Evolution, life started in the oceans. Bacteria like cells first appeared and eventually branched into myriads of other forms, prokaryotic and eukaryotic. Photosynthesis evolved and multicellularity evolved. Protists radiated, as did plants and animals. Plants took over the land as simple mosses and liverworts that were gametophyte-dominant. Gradually the gametophyte was reduced to a few cells in pollen grains of angiosperms and the sporophyte generation evolved fully dominant instead.

Animals evolved from simple nerve-less and heartless organisms as sponges, eventually giving rise to both radiate and bilateral animals and among the latter, diploblastic and triploblastic lineages. On-substrate movement brought about cephalisation and as a result directionality was procured.

From wormlike creatures with notochords (the larvae of urochordates), evolved fish and from lungfish and coelocanths evolved amphibians and from amphibians evolved reptiles and from reptiles evolved mammals and dinosaurs and from dinosaurs evolved birds. Among mammals, humans evolved from apes. It is incorrect to say that humans evolved from chimpanzees. Humans and chimpanzees evolved not FROM one another but WITH one another. Both arose from a common ancestor, a Pan-Homo common ancestor.

Yes

**G1N4**

I thought some living things are not organisms, because they are not free living.

DNA is fundamental to our understanding of evolution. DNA does not change and so showing evolution over time, but it is merely evidence of an evolutionary link between certain species. For example, DNA is extremely similar between humans and apes. Darwin and his theory suggested that modern humans developed from apes through evolution. The fact that human and ape DNA is about 97.5% the same shows a possible link between our possible ancestors and humans.

Because DNA provides much of the information about ourselves. DNA also can give clues about a person's intelligence. Intelligence seems to be more important than brute strength from an evolutionary standpoint, because we humans used our phenomenal smarts to outwit other stronger species to get food.

Mutation is an interesting topic because it can be for the better or for the worse. Mutations are caused by an error or misprint in the DNA as the DNA is being 'printed out' by enzymes. In other words, a mutation is simply a mistake in our DNA. Humans have about an average of 50 mutations in our DNA, and generally few or none are harmful.

A possible mutation that we humans have is dairy tolerance from cows and sheep, goats, even CAMELS after we reach the age of three.

The trait for blue eyes is actually a mutation that stems from one person almost 10,000 years ago and it and the lack of skin pigment that goes with it allowed us to live in areas with low sunlight.

Each organism gets chromosomes from both their mother and father, and the number obviously varies between species. Humans, for instance, have 46 chromosomes, which consist of one set of 23 from each parent. These 23 pairs of chromosomes are contained within the nucleus of our cells.

DNA replicates itself by unraveling the double helix and making copies of the original strands through the aid of enzymes.

Chromosomes are prone to 4 kinds of mutations: deletion, duplication, inversion, and translocation. Deletion happens when a section is not replicated. Inversion happens when a section flips itself inward (i.e. head over heels) from its original position. Duplication happens when a section is doubled. Translocation happens when the section of one chromosome is switched with a section from another chromosome. This happens because chromosomes fold over each other during replication. This can sometimes result in the complete fusion of separate chromosomes (this is why humans have 46 and our relatives the chimps have 48).

Humans and other organisms commonly have thousands of non-harmful mutations in their genes and chromosomes. However, these mutations can sometimes have negative or beneficial effects. A negative example would be the way base pair substitution in the hemoglobin gene can lead to Sickle-Cell Anemia. This nasty disease causes red blood cells to take on a sickle shape, which can lead to complications like stroke and kidney failure. The disease plagues many African-Americans. Oddly enough, SCE is also a beneficial example. The gene mutation that causes SCE is believed to have arisen in Africa where it provides people with a resistance to Malaria.

The primary function of all life is to pass on genes to the next generation. Those who have more children are considered to be the fittest in their environment. If a random mutation provides an organism with a survival advantage, they will be able to pass on more genes than their peers.

A survival advantage could be a fish being born with a bony segment in its fins that would allow it to travel briefly between shrinking water sources during a time of drought or to catch prey on the shoreline during aquatic food shortages.

The fish would naturally survive longer than those born without this mutation and pass on more genes. This means the environment would determine the mutation to be beneficial. This is known as Natural Selection.

Natural Selection is the mechanism that drives evolution. This is because random mutations can accumulate over periods of deep time to produce large scale changes in the morphology of a species until they become a new species altogether.

The fish I described above is actually an ancient species known as the Lobed-Fin, which first waddled the earth some 400 million years ago. Natural selection eventually caused the descendants of this fish to take on more adaptations better suited for life on land, including lungs (adapted air bladders) and jointed limbs. Groups split off during the following ages to give rise to the amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals (including humans). All of this diversity came from only small incremental changes over millions of years.

Sexual Selection is a type of Natural Selection. But instead of the environment determining whether a trait is beneficial, it is the female of a species that determines the benefit.

Females tend to choose mating partners based on physical attributes that signal the resulting offspring will survive to pass on their genes.

Female Gorillas, for example, are half the size of males because they select powerful mating partners. Males battle each other for mating rights with the females. Males who are the biggest and the strongest stand a better chance of passing on their genes and producing offspring with the same traits.

This explains why gorillas are so much larger than the other great apes. Another example is the tail of a male Peacock. Females select males with larger, more ornate tails to mate with.

The tails are actually quite heavy and create a risk to the male because it costs extra energy to maintain such a secondary sexual characteristic not to mention the fact that the extra weight would slow escape from a predator. But the size and color of the tail signals to the female that the male is strong with good genes. These characteristics were initially conceived through mutation and then built upon through sexual selection.

Personally, as far as I am aware no evolutionary scientist holds this position. While individual evolutionary changes do occur in a shorter timeframe and some of these have been observed, they do not assert that the total evolution of life on earth occurred in so short a timeframe.

If they did assert such this would be rather close to the young-earth creationist position and would also involve a massive amount of change in what is for them a very short time indeed.

Rather, evolutionary scientists understand the earth to be around 4.54 billion years old and the universe to be much older. The age of the earth is thus a key point of contention between the evolutionary scientists and young-earth creationists, the two positions being poles apart.

FAD, or Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide, can be converted into FADH2 through a reduction reaction that involves the addition of two electrons and two protons. This conversion allows FAD to act as a cofactor in various enzymatic reactions that involve the transfer of electrons.