Genetic Engineering

Mitochondria are an exception to the cell theory because they contain their own DNA, can replicate independently of the cell, and have their own ribosomes to make proteins. This suggests that mitochondria have a separate evolutionary origin from the rest of the cell and may have once been free-living organisms that were engulfed by a host cell.

The height of a population would be an example of a continuously variable characteristic. This applies only if a consistent sample, such as a large number of people of a particular age and sex, is considered.

Mutates is the simple answer. The mutation would have to cause significant changes resulting in either a loss of function or a novel function that causes distress or a risk to the well being of individual.

Yes, a compound light microscope would have enough magnification power to view a penny's surface details, such as scratches, imperfections, and the texture of the metal. However, it may not be able to observe its atomic structure, as that would require an electron microscope.

Polymerase chain reaction, or PCR, is a laboratory technique used to make multiple copies of a segment of DNA. PCR is very precise and can be used to amplify, or copy, a specific DNA target from a mixture of DNA molecules.

There wouldn't be any variety in the human population. Everyone would look more or less the same. This is because crossing over in meiosis allows the chromosomes to exchange genetic information to ensure that each daughter cell is unique and therefore, when reproducing, each person is also unique.

No, Ian Wilmut did not call cloning "cloning." He is known for his work in cloning Dolly the sheep, the first mammal cloned from an adult somatic cell, but the term "cloning" was used to describe the process before his work.

A trait is an observable, physical characteristic of an organism (a phenotype). A FACTOR is the underlying genetic cause of the TRAIT (the genotype).

Thrombophlebitis is not usually considered a genetic condition. It is more commonly caused by risk factors such as prolonged immobility, surgery, trauma, hormonal birth control, or underlying medical conditions like cancer or clotting disorders. However, genetic factors can play a role in increasing the risk of developing blood clots, which can contribute to thrombophlebitis in some cases.

Buffer AL is a buffer solution used in biochemistry laboratories. It consists of ammonium acetate and acetic acid, and it is commonly used in protein purification and other biochemical assays due to its ability to maintain a stable pH around 5.

Chlorosis in plants occurs when there is a lack of chlorophyll, resulting in yellowing of the leaves. This can be caused by nutrient deficiencies, such as nitrogen or iron, or environmental factors like poor soil drainage or alkalinity. Chlorosis affects the plant's ability to photosynthesize and can impact its overall health and growth.

Conjugation is the process through which genetic information is transferred from one bacterial cell to another. During conjugation, a donor cell transfers a plasmid containing genetic material to a recipient cell through a tube-like structure called a pilus. This transfer allows bacteria to share useful genetic information, such as antibiotic resistance genes.

The process of allowing cells to reproduce in order to obtain a large number of identical cells is called cell culture. This involves providing cells with the necessary nutrients and environment for growth and division in a laboratory setting. By controlling the conditions, researchers can produce a large population of identical cells for various experiments and applications.

DNA does in fact contain cytosine. This is one of the 4 nucleic acids that are found inside of DNA.

No, genetic diversity is not solely due to genes on the sex chromosomes. It is influenced by variation in the entire genome, including genes on autosomes and mitochondrial DNA. Genetic diversity also arises from mutations, gene flow, and genetic recombination during meiosis.

Buffer AL is used in DNA extraction and causes cell lysis to expose the DNA.

Buffer AL is used during DNA isolation using QIAamp and DNeasy protocols. Buffer AL is stable for 1 year when stored closed at room temperature (15-25°C).

Preparation of Buffer AL/E is as such:

Volume of Buffer AL (ml) Volume of 96-100% ethanol (ml) Bottle size (ml)

33 35 100

108 114 250

162 171 500

216 228 500

RNA, as it is capable of storing genetic information and catalyzing chemical reactions like proteins, making it a plausible candidate for the earliest genetic material. RNA can also self-replicate, providing a mechanism for passing on genetic information to future generations.

AGCU or AGCT are letters that stand for 4 nucleobases.

In RNA, the bases are Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, and Uracil (RNA bases).

In DNA, the bases are Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, and Thymine (DNA bases).

Both plant cells and animal cells contain genetic material in the form of DNA. This DNA carries instructions for the cell's functions and characteristics. The DNA is located in the nucleus of the cell in both plant and animal cells.

Self-replicating DNA, such as a plasmid, is used in gene transfer techniques like bacterial transformation. The gene of interest is inserted into the plasmid, which can then replicate independently within a host cell, allowing for the transfer of the gene to another organism. This method is commonly used in genetic engineering to introduce new traits or gene functions into recipient organisms.

No, Japan did not create a hybrid using a pig and a spinach plant. This appears to be a false rumor or a misconception. Cross-species hybrids between animals and plants are not scientifically feasible due to their vast genetic differences.

The organism used primarily in PCR (polymerase chain reaction) technique is a heat-stable DNA polymerase, such as Taq polymerase. Taq polymerase is derived from the thermophilic bacterium Thermus aquaticus, which can withstand the high temperatures required for PCR amplification.

A map of the distribution of cloned genomic DNA from genomic clone libraries shows the physical location of different DNA fragments within the genome. This type of map is used to study genetic organization, identify genes, and analyze specific regions of interest within the genome. It helps researchers understand the genomic structure and function of an organism.

Muscle cells are elongated in shape to allow for efficient contraction and force generation. Additionally, the size of the muscle cell is large to accommodate a substantial number of muscle proteins and energy stores needed for muscle function. These adaptations in shape and size enhance the muscle cell's ability to contract rapidly and powerfully.

Genetic material synthesis in a cell typically begins during the S phase of the cell cycle, where DNA replication occurs. This involves the unwinding of the DNA double helix and the synthesis of new complementary strands. The end result is two identical copies of the genetic material.