Indians view Gandhi : due to his contribution in the gaining independence from the British, as " The Father of the nation" .

Hence he is reffered to as "Bapuji" or " Bapu" ( Father in Hindi )

He is also sometimes reffered to as "Mahatma" ( Great in Hindi )

The holy land for Judaism is Israel (see Deuteronomy 11:11-12), and the holy city is Jerusalem.

Tradition states that Abraham (18th century BCE) founded Judaism, and Moses later received the Torah from God.

Abraham, tenth-generation descendant of Noah, of Hebrew lineage, was the son of Terah, uncle of Lot, father of Isaac, grandfather of Jacob, and forefather of the Israelites. His story is in Genesis ch.11 (end), through ch.25. Jewish tradition states that he was the first to actively spread belief in One God; and it is in his merit that Jews continue to exist (Genesis 18:19, and ch.17).

• Link: Abraham's Hebrew ancestry
  

By the time of Abraham, the area where he lived was full of pagan cults; they were polytheistic, worshiping multiple deities.

• Link: How polytheism began
  

Abraham became the first to advance the idea of ethical monotheism: the worship of One God, and the appropriate ethical code of conduct.

Nimrod, the idolatrous tyrant, had brought Abraham's father (Terah) from the Semitic ancestral seat near the confluence of the Balikh and the Euphrates, and instated him in a position of power in his army in the royal Babylonian city of Ur, where Abraham was born. Nimrod persecuted any who would question his idolatrous cult.

The Kuzari (Rabbi Judah HaLevi, 1075-1141) states that Abraham was gifted with high intelligence; and, as Maimonides (1135-1204) describes, Abraham didn't blindly accept the ubiquitous idolatry. The whole populace had been duped, but the young Abraham contemplated the matter relentlessly, finally arriving at the conclusion that there is One God and that this should be taught to others as well. This is what is meant by his "calling out in the name of the Lord" (Genesis ch.12).

As a young man, he remonstrated with passersby in public, demonstrating to them the falsehood of their idols; and our tradition tells how he was threatened and endangered by Nimrod.
Subsequently, Terah relocated to Harran; and it is here that Abraham began to develop a circle of disciples (Rashi commentary, on Genesis 12:5).

Later, God told Abraham in prophecy to move to the Holy Land, which is where he raised his family.

He continued his contemplations, eventually arriving at the attitudes and forms of behavior which God later incorporated into the Torah given to Moses.

Abraham became the greatest thinker of all time. His originality, perseverance, strength of conviction, and influence, cannot be overestimated.

Abraham, with God's help, trounced the supremacy of the evil Nimrod.

He received God's promise of inheriting the Holy Land (Genesis ch.13).

He strove to raise a family (Genesis ch.15, 17, and 24) which would serve God (Genesis 18:19); and God eventually blessed his efforts, granting him numerous descendants (ibid., ch.16, 21 and 25), in keeping with His promise (Genesis ch.17).

Abraham founded the Jewish people and lived to see his work live on in the persons of Isaac and Jacob; and he taught many other disciples as well (Talmud, Yoma 28b).

He saved the population of the south of Canaan from invading foreign kings (Genesis 14); and he was feared by neighboring kings (ibid., ch.12 and 20).

Abraham gave tithes (Genesis ch.14), entered into a covenant with God (Genesis ch.15 and 17), welcomed guests into his home (Genesis ch.18) unlike the inhospitable Sodomites (Genesis ch.19), prayed for people (Genesis ch.18), rebuked others when necessary (Genesis ch.20), eulogized and buried the deceased (Genesis ch.23), and fulfilled God's will unquestioningly (Genesis ch.22).

He became renowned as a prince of God (Genesis 23:6).

The gravesite of Abraham, Isaac and Jacob and their wives (Genesis 49:29-32) is located in Hebron and has been known and attested to for many centuries.

• Link: Archaeology
  

All of the above practices of Abraham were based upon the ways of God, which Abraham understood through his contemplations. These, and similar personality traits, were the teachings of Abraham and his descendants (unlike idolatry, which had no moral character; with worship of the gods accompanied by things such as human sacrifice, "sacred" prostitution, and animal worship).

• Link: Pagan practices
  

It is therefore clear why God expresses His love for Abraham (Isaiah 41:8) and calls Himself the God of Abraham (Genesis 26:24), and says that Abraham obeyed Him fully (Genesis 26:5). And this is why Abraham is credited with having begun the religion which became known as Judaism. (However, Abraham and his descendants observed their traditions voluntarily, until the Giving of the Torah to Moses 3325 years ago, when God made it obligatory.)

All of the dates and information provided below are based on the Jewish Torah, Talmud and oral tradition. Note that many hundreds of names and dates have been omitted for the purpose of brevity, and descriptions have been kept to a minimum. See the highlighted Related Links for more complete detail.
Era of the Patriarchs:

• Avraham, founder of Jewish belief, born 1812 BCE (= "Before the Common Era"). Abraham founded the tradition of monotheism, which is the belief in One God. (See: A biography of Abraham)
  
• Yitzchak (Isaac), second of the Avot (Patriarchs), born 1712 BCE. (See: A biography of Isaac, Jacob and Joseph)
• Yaakov (Jacob), third of the three Patriarchs, born 1652 BCE.
  

• Yosef (Joseph), born 1563 BCE, became Viceroy of Egypt.
  
• The sojourn in Egypt was 1522-1312 BCE. The enslavement in Egypt began in 1428 BCE.
  

• Moshe (Moses) was born in 1392 BCE. He played a key role in the Exodus, and brought down the Two Stone Tablets from God. (See: A biography of Moses and Joshua)
  
• The forty years in the Wilderness were 1312-1272 BCE.
  

• The Israelites crossed the Jordan into Canaan, 1272 BCE. Yehoshua (Joshua, died 1244 BCE), leader after Moses, led the conquest of Canaan. His period of leadership was 1272-1244 BCE.
  

Era of the Judges: (See also: Who were the Judges?) The era of the Judges was 1244-879 BCE. Here are some of the prominent Judges:

• Devorah became leader in 1107 BCE. She was a female Torah-sage and Judge who led a miraculous victory over a Canaanite king (Judges ch.4-5).
  
• Gideon became Judge in 1067 BCE. He led a miraculous victory over the Midianites (Judges ch.6-8).
  
• Yiphtach (Jephthah) became leader in 982 BCE. He led a miraculous victory over the Ammonites (Judges ch.11).
  
• Shimshon (Samson) became leader in 951 BCE. This Judge had unequaled strength and subdued the Philistines for many years (Judges ch.13-15).
  
• Shmuel (Samuel) became leader in 890 BCE. He marked the transition from Judges to Kings. (See: A biography of Samuel and King David)

Era of the Kings: The era of the Kings lasted until the destruction of the First Temple in 422 BCE. (See also:Who were the Kings?) Here are some of the prominent kings, prophets and events:

• Shaul (Saul), died 876 BCE, was first of the Kings. 1 Samuel ch.8-31.
  
• King David reigned 40 years, from 876 BCE.
  
• The building of the First Temple commenced in 832 BCE, by King Solomon, who reigned 40 years. See 1 Kings ch.6-8. The First Temple stood for 410 years.
  
• Yerav'am ben Nevat (Jeroboam) took power in 796 BCE. He split the Ten Tribes (the Northern Kingdom of Israel) away from the southern Tribes (the Southern Kingdom) of Judah and Benjamin (1 Kings ch.12). (See: Why did the Ten Tribes break away from Judah?)
  
• Eliyahu (Elijah), 8th century BCE, famous prophet. See 1 Kings ch.17 until 2 Kings ch.2.
  
• Yeshayahu (Isaiah), best-known of the Prophets, began his prophecies in 619 BCE. (See: What was the role of the Prophets?)
• Exile of the Ten Tribes by the Assyrians to points unknown, in 555 BCE. (See: Where are the Ten Tribes?)
  
• Yirmiyahu (Jeremiah) began his prophecies in 463 BCE. Warned about the impending Destruction.
  
• Yechezkel (Ezekiel) prophesied, 429 BCE.
  
• Destruction of the First Temple, in 422 BCE.
  

Era of the Babylonian Exile (422-352 BCE):

• Daniel interpreted Nebuchadnezzar's dream in 421 BCE.
  
• Zerubavel led the Jewish return to Israel (Judea) in 371 BCE, after King Cyrus of Persia permitted it. 18 years later, another wave of Jews returned with Ezra, while Nehemiah oversaw the rebuilding of the walls.
  
• The events of Purim (Scroll of Esther) were in 355 BCE. (See: More about Esther)

Second Temple Era (352 BCE-68 CE):

• Building of the Second Temple, 352 BCE. The Second Temple stood for 420 years. Soon after its construction, prophecy ceased.
  
• Anshei Knesset HaGedolah - The Men of the Great Assembly. This Sanhedrin (high court of sages) sealed the canon of the Tanakh (Hebrew Bible). (See: The history of the Hebrew Bible)
  
• Alexander the Great, 313 BCE.
  
• Shimon HaTzadik died in 273 BCE. One of the early sages.
  
• Writing of the Septuagint, in 246 BCE.
  
• The revolt of Mattityahu the Chashmona'i (Hasmonean), against the Syrian-Greeks, in 168 BCE.
  
• The miracle of Hanukkah, 165 BCE. (See: more about Hanukkah)
  
• Sh'lomit (Queen Salome) ruled 73-64 BCE. A brief period of peace in the turbulent Second Temple era.
  
• The Romans gained control of Judea in 61 BCE.
  
• Hillel, died 8 BCE. A beloved sage, famous for his humility.
  
• Agrippa I (grandson of Herod) ruled, 21 CE (= "Common Era"). A rare instance of a benign Roman ruler. Not to be confused with the wicked Agrippa II, who began ruling 35 years later.
  
• Christianity started spreading around this time, but not among the Jews. (See: Why the Jews didn't accept Jesus)
• Destruction of the Second Temple, 68 CE. (See: Destruction and diaspora)
  

Era of the Mishna and Talmud-sages:

• Rabbi Yochanan ben Zakkai, died 74 CE, gained the favor of Vespasian and managed to rescue a number of leading Torah-sages and brought them to the yeshiva (Torah-academy) in Yavneh. (See:What Rabbi Yochanan ben Zakkai did for Judaism)
• Betar fell, and Bar Kochba's revolt ended in tragedy, 133 CE.
  
• Rabbi Akiva, died 134 CE, was a leading Torah-sage throughout the Roman upheavals.
  
• Rabbi Judah Hanassi, died 188 CE, completed the redaction of the Mishna (Oral Law), based on ancient tradition.
  
• Rav (Rabbi Abba Aricha) left Israel and settled in Babylonia, 219 CE. Founded the yeshiva (Torah academy) of Sura. Died 247 CE.
  
• Rabbi Yochanan was the leading Talmudic authority, 254 CE. Redacted the Jerusalem Talmud.
  
• Rabbi Yehudah was the leading Talmudic authority, 298 CE. Disciple of Rav.
  
• Abayei and Rava were the leading Talmudic authorities, 325 CE. These two participated in the redaction of the Babylonian Talmud.
  
• Rav (Rabbi) Ashi was the leading Talmudic authority, 392 CE.
  
• Final redaction of the Talmud, 475 CE. It was put in writing 25 years later.
  

Era of the Geonim (Torah-leaders in Babylonia):

• The yeshiva of Pumbeditha was reopened (after Persian persecutions), 589 CE. Era of the Geonim begins.
  
• The yeshiva of Sura was reopened, 609 CE.
  
• Rabbi Yitzchak was the last Gaon (sage) of Neharde'a (Firuz-Shabur). 636 CE.
  
• Rabbi Achai Gaon left Bavel (Iraq) for Israel, 755 CE.
  
• The Halakhot Gedolot, an early codex of halakha (Torah laws), was written at this time. 759 CE.
  
• Rabbi Amram (who put the Siddur [prayerbook] in writing), became Gaon (Torah-leader) of Sura. 858 CE.
  
• Rabbi Saadya (882-942) was appointed Gaon of Sura, 928 CE. He led opposition against the breakaway Karaites. (See: The Karaites and other ancient groups)
  
• Four sages were taken hostage and ransomed at around this time, 955 CE. This event contributed to the spread of Torah-learning to lands other than Babylonia.
  
• Rabbi Sherira (906-1006) became Gaon of Pumbedita, 968 CE.
  
• Rabbi Hai Gaon (939-1038), last of the leading Babylonian Torah sages.
  

European Jewry:

• Rabbi Gershom Me'or HaGolah (c.960-1040) was the sage who decreed against Jewish polygamy.
  
• Rabbi Isaac Al-Fasi (1013-1103) was the author of a major compendium of Halakha.
  
• Rashi (Rabbi Shelomo Yitzchaki, 1040-1105), author of the greatest of the Talmud commentaries.
  
• First Crusade, 1096. First recorded blood libel, 1144.
  
• Rabbenu Tam (Rabbi Yaakov Tam, 1100-1170), a leading Talmudist. He was a grandson of Rashi.
  
• The Rambam (Maimonides), 1135-1204, author of several major works in halakha and Jewish thought.
  
• A massive burning of the Talmud by anti-Semites took place in Paris, 1242.
  
• The Inquisition began to use torture, 1252.
  
• The Ramban (Nachmanides), 1194-1270, author of a leading commentary on the Torah.
  
• All Jews were expelled from England, 1290.
  
• The Maharam (Rabbi Meir) of Rothenburg (1215-1293), last of the Tosafists (early Talmud-commentators).
  
• The Ralbag (Rabbi Levi ben Gershom), 1288-1344, author of a commentary on the Bible.
  
• Rabbi Nissim (1320-1376), and other Torah-scholars in Spain, were imprisoned. 1367.
  
• The expulsion of Jews from France, 1394.
  
• Rabbi Yosef Albo (1380-1444) was in a forced debate with Christians, 1413.
  
• The invention of printing, 1440s.
  
• Rabbi Ovadya Bertinura (1445-1515), Rabbi in Yerushalayim (Jerusalem) from 1488, author of the leading commentary on the Mishna.
  
• Jews expelled from Spain and Sicily, 1492.
  
• Rabbi Yitzchak Abarbanel (1437-1508), Rabbi in Naples from 1493. Author of a book on Jewish thought.
  
• All Jews were expelled from Portugal, 1496.
  
• The Turks (Ottoman Empire) conquered the land of Israel, 1516.
  
• Rabbi Joseph Caro (1488-1575) published the Shulchan Arukh, a leading text of Jewish law, in 1566.
  

Later Rabbis and events:

• Rabbi Isaac Luria (1534-1572), was a leading kabbalist.
  
• The Maharal (Rabbi Loewe), 1512-1609, Rabbi in Prague from 1573. Maker of the legendary Golem.
  
• Rabbi Shmuel Eidels (1555-1631), Rabbi in Lublin from 1614, author of a leading Talmud commentary.
  
• Rabbi Yoel Sirkes (1561-1640), author of a major commentary on the Shulchan Arukh.
  
• Rabbi Shabsei Cohen (1621-1662) and Rabbi David Halevi (1586-1667) publish leading commentaries on the Shulchan Arukh in 1646.
  
• Chmielnicki massacres, 1648-9.
  
• Rabbi Moshe Chaim Luzzatto (1707-1746), author of a famous text on piety.
  
• Rabbi Israel Ba'al Shem Tov (1700-1760), founder of modern Hassidism.
  
• The Pale of Jewish Settlement was established in Russia, 1791.
  
• The Vilna Gaon (Rabbi Eliyahu of Vilna, 1720-1797), famous Talmudist.
  
• Rabbi Chaim Yosef David Azulai (1724-1806), sage and biliographer.
  
• Rabbi Nachman of Breslov (1772-1810), charismatic pietist and Hassidic leader.
  
• Rabbi Yisrael Salanter (1810-1883), founder of the modern Mussar movement.
  
• Rabbi Meir Malbim (1809-1879), opponent of the secularists (Haskalah), authored a major commentary on the Tanakh (Hebrew Bible).
  
• Rabbi Israel Meir Kohen (Chafetz Chaim), 1838-1933, beloved pietist and Talmudist.
  
• Wave of Russian pogroms begins, 1881.
  
• Rabbi Shlomo Ganzfried (1804-1886), author of the Kitzur Shulchan Aruch.
  
• Rabbi Abraham Karelitz (Chazon Ish), 1878-1953, leading Torah sage in Israel from 1933.
  
• Germany started World War II, and mass killing of 6 million Jews, 1939.

All of the dates and information provided below are based on the Jewish Torah, Talmud and oral tradition. Note that many hundreds of names and dates have been omitted for the purpose of brevity, and descriptions have been kept to a minimum. See the highlighted Related Links for more complete detail.
Era of the Patriarchs:

• Avraham, founder of Jewish belief, born 1812 BCE (= "Before the Common Era"). Abraham founded the tradition of monotheism, which is the belief in One God. (See: A biography of Abraham)
  
• Yitzchak (Isaac), second of the Avot (Patriarchs), born 1712 BCE. (See: A biography of Isaac, Jacob and Joseph)
• Yaakov (Jacob), third of the three Patriarchs, born 1652 BCE.
  

• Yosef (Joseph), born 1563 BCE, became Viceroy of Egypt.
  
• The sojourn in Egypt was 1522-1312 BCE. The enslavement in Egypt began in 1428 BCE.
  

• Moshe (Moses) was born in 1392 BCE. He played a key role in the Exodus, and brought down the Two Stone Tablets from God. (See: A biography of Moses and Joshua)
  
• The forty years in the Wilderness were 1312-1272 BCE.
  

• The Israelites crossed the Jordan into Canaan, 1272 BCE. Yehoshua (Joshua, died 1244 BCE), leader after Moses, led the conquest of Canaan. His period of leadership was 1272-1244 BCE.
  

Era of the Judges: (See also: Who were the Judges?) The era of the Judges was 1244-879 BCE. Here are some of the prominent Judges:

• Devorah became leader in 1107 BCE. She was a female Torah-sage and Judge who led a miraculous victory over a Canaanite king (Judges ch.4-5).
  
• Gideon became Judge in 1067 BCE. He led a miraculous victory over the Midianites (Judges ch.6-8).
  
• Yiphtach (Jephthah) became leader in 982 BCE. He led a miraculous victory over the Ammonites (Judges ch.11).
  
• Shimshon (Samson) became leader in 951 BCE. This Judge had unequaled strength and subdued the Philistines for many years (Judges ch.13-15).
  
• Shmuel (Samuel) became leader in 890 BCE. He marked the transition from Judges to Kings. (See: A biography of Samuel and King David)

Era of the Kings: The era of the Kings lasted until the destruction of the First Temple in 422 BCE. (See also:Who were the Kings?) Here are some of the prominent kings, prophets and events:

• Shaul (Saul), died 876 BCE, was first of the Kings. 1 Samuel ch.8-31.
  
• King David reigned 40 years, from 876 BCE.
  
• The building of the First Temple commenced in 832 BCE, by King Solomon, who reigned 40 years. See 1 Kings ch.6-8. The First Temple stood for 410 years.
  
• Yerav'am ben Nevat (Jeroboam) took power in 796 BCE. He split the Ten Tribes (the Northern Kingdom of Israel) away from the southern Tribes (the Southern Kingdom) of Judah and Benjamin (1 Kings ch.12). (See: Why did the Ten Tribes break away from Judah?)
  
• Eliyahu (Elijah), 8th century BCE, famous prophet. See 1 Kings ch.17 until 2 Kings ch.2.
  
• Yeshayahu (Isaiah), best-known of the Prophets, began his prophecies in 619 BCE. (See: What was the role of the Prophets?)
• Exile of the Ten Tribes by the Assyrians to points unknown, in 555 BCE. (See: Where are the Ten Tribes?)
  
• Yirmiyahu (Jeremiah) began his prophecies in 463 BCE. Warned about the impending Destruction.
  
• Yechezkel (Ezekiel) prophesied, 429 BCE.
  
• Destruction of the First Temple, in 422 BCE.
  

Era of the Babylonian Exile (422-352 BCE):

• Daniel interpreted Nebuchadnezzar's dream in 421 BCE.
  
• Zerubavel led the Jewish return to Israel (Judea) in 371 BCE, after King Cyrus of Persia permitted it. 18 years later, another wave of Jews returned with Ezra, while Nehemiah oversaw the rebuilding of the walls.
  
• The events of Purim (Scroll of Esther) were in 355 BCE. (See: More about Esther)

Second Temple Era (352 BCE-68 CE):

• Building of the Second Temple, 352 BCE. The Second Temple stood for 420 years. Soon after its construction, prophecy ceased.
  
• Anshei Knesset HaGedolah - The Men of the Great Assembly. This Sanhedrin (high court of sages) sealed the canon of the Tanakh (Hebrew Bible). (See: The history of the Hebrew Bible)
  
• Alexander the Great, 313 BCE.
  
• Shimon HaTzadik died in 273 BCE. One of the early sages.
  
• Writing of the Septuagint, in 246 BCE.
  
• The revolt of Mattityahu the Chashmona'i (Hasmonean), against the Syrian-Greeks, in 168 BCE.
  
• The miracle of Hanukkah, 165 BCE. (See: more about Hanukkah)
  
• Sh'lomit (Queen Salome) ruled 73-64 BCE. A brief period of peace in the turbulent Second Temple era.
  
• The Romans gained control of Judea in 61 BCE.
  
• Hillel, died 8 BCE. A beloved sage, famous for his humility.
  
• Agrippa I (grandson of Herod) ruled, 21 CE (= "Common Era"). A rare instance of a benign Roman ruler. Not to be confused with the wicked Agrippa II, who began ruling 35 years later.
  
• Christianity started spreading around this time, but not among the Jews. (See: Why the Jews didn't accept Jesus)
• Destruction of the Second Temple, 68 CE. (See: Destruction and diaspora)
  

Era of the Mishna and Talmud-sages:

• Rabbi Yochanan ben Zakkai, died 74 CE, gained the favor of Vespasian and managed to rescue a number of leading Torah-sages and brought them to the yeshiva (Torah-academy) in Yavneh. (See:What Rabbi Yochanan ben Zakkai did for Judaism)
• Betar fell, and Bar Kochba's revolt ended in tragedy, 133 CE.
  
• Rabbi Akiva, died 134 CE, was a leading Torah-sage throughout the Roman upheavals.
  
• Rabbi Judah Hanassi, died 188 CE, completed the redaction of the Mishna (Oral Law), based on ancient tradition.
  
• Rav (Rabbi Abba Aricha) left Israel and settled in Babylonia, 219 CE. Founded the yeshiva (Torah academy) of Sura. Died 247 CE.
  
• Rabbi Yochanan was the leading Talmudic authority, 254 CE. Redacted the Jerusalem Talmud.
  
• Rabbi Yehudah was the leading Talmudic authority, 298 CE. Disciple of Rav.
  
• Abayei and Rava were the leading Talmudic authorities, 325 CE. These two participated in the redaction of the Babylonian Talmud.
  
• Rav (Rabbi) Ashi was the leading Talmudic authority, 392 CE.
  
• Final redaction of the Talmud, 475 CE. It was put in writing 25 years later.
  

Era of the Geonim (Torah-leaders in Babylonia):

• The yeshiva of Pumbeditha was reopened (after Persian persecutions), 589 CE. Era of the Geonim begins.
  
• The yeshiva of Sura was reopened, 609 CE.
  
• Rabbi Yitzchak was the last Gaon (sage) of Neharde'a (Firuz-Shabur). 636 CE.
  
• Rabbi Achai Gaon left Bavel (Iraq) for Israel, 755 CE.
  
• The Halakhot Gedolot, an early codex of halakha (Torah laws), was written at this time. 759 CE.
  
• Rabbi Amram (who put the Siddur [prayerbook] in writing), became Gaon (Torah-leader) of Sura. 858 CE.
  
• Rabbi Saadya (882-942) was appointed Gaon of Sura, 928 CE. He led opposition against the breakaway Karaites. (See: The Karaites and other ancient groups)
  
• Four sages were taken hostage and ransomed at around this time, 955 CE. This event contributed to the spread of Torah-learning to lands other than Babylonia.
  
• Rabbi Sherira (906-1006) became Gaon of Pumbedita, 968 CE.
  
• Rabbi Hai Gaon (939-1038), last of the leading Babylonian Torah sages.
  

European Jewry:

• Rabbi Gershom Me'or HaGolah (c.960-1040) was the sage who decreed against Jewish polygamy.
  
• Rabbi Isaac Al-Fasi (1013-1103) was the author of a major compendium of Halakha.
  
• Rashi (Rabbi Shelomo Yitzchaki, 1040-1105), author of the greatest of the Talmud commentaries.
  
• First Crusade, 1096. First recorded blood libel, 1144.
  
• Rabbenu Tam (Rabbi Yaakov Tam, 1100-1170), a leading Talmudist. He was a grandson of Rashi.
  
• The Rambam (Maimonides), 1135-1204, author of several major works in halakha and Jewish thought.
  
• A massive burning of the Talmud by anti-Semites took place in Paris, 1242.
  
• The Inquisition began to use torture, 1252.
  
• The Ramban (Nachmanides), 1194-1270, author of a leading commentary on the Torah.
  
• All Jews were expelled from England, 1290.
  
• The Maharam (Rabbi Meir) of Rothenburg (1215-1293), last of the Tosafists (early Talmud-commentators).
  
• The Ralbag (Rabbi Levi ben Gershom), 1288-1344, author of a commentary on the Bible.
  
• Rabbi Nissim (1320-1376), and other Torah-scholars in Spain, were imprisoned. 1367.
  
• The expulsion of Jews from France, 1394.
  
• Rabbi Yosef Albo (1380-1444) was in a forced debate with Christians, 1413.
  
• The invention of printing, 1440s.
  
• Rabbi Ovadya Bertinura (1445-1515), Rabbi in Yerushalayim (Jerusalem) from 1488, author of the leading commentary on the Mishna.
  
• Jews expelled from Spain and Sicily, 1492.
  
• Rabbi Yitzchak Abarbanel (1437-1508), Rabbi in Naples from 1493. Author of a book on Jewish thought.
  
• All Jews were expelled from Portugal, 1496.
  
• The Turks (Ottoman Empire) conquered the land of Israel, 1516.
  
• Rabbi Joseph Caro (1488-1575) published the Shulchan Arukh, a leading text of Jewish law, in 1566.
  

Later Rabbis and events:

• Rabbi Isaac Luria (1534-1572), was a leading kabbalist.
  
• The Maharal (Rabbi Loewe), 1512-1609, Rabbi in Prague from 1573. Maker of the legendary Golem.
  
• Rabbi Shmuel Eidels (1555-1631), Rabbi in Lublin from 1614, author of a leading Talmud commentary.
  
• Rabbi Yoel Sirkes (1561-1640), author of a major commentary on the Shulchan Arukh.
  
• Rabbi Shabsei Cohen (1621-1662) and Rabbi David Halevi (1586-1667) publish leading commentaries on the Shulchan Arukh in 1646.
  
• Chmielnicki massacres, 1648-9.
  
• Rabbi Moshe Chaim Luzzatto (1707-1746), author of a famous text on piety.
  
• Rabbi Israel Ba'al Shem Tov (1700-1760), founder of modern Hassidism.
  
• The Pale of Jewish Settlement was established in Russia, 1791.
  
• The Vilna Gaon (Rabbi Eliyahu of Vilna, 1720-1797), famous Talmudist.
  
• Rabbi Chaim Yosef David Azulai (1724-1806), sage and biliographer.
  
• Rabbi Nachman of Breslov (1772-1810), charismatic pietist and Hassidic leader.
  
• Rabbi Yisrael Salanter (1810-1883), founder of the modern Mussar movement.
  
• Rabbi Meir Malbim (1809-1879), opponent of the secularists (Haskalah), authored a major commentary on the Tanakh (Hebrew Bible).
  
• Rabbi Israel Meir Kohen (Chafetz Chaim), 1838-1933, beloved pietist and Talmudist.
  
• Wave of Russian pogroms begins, 1881.
  
• Rabbi Shlomo Ganzfried (1804-1886), author of the Kitzur Shulchan Aruch.
  
• Rabbi Abraham Karelitz (Chazon Ish), 1878-1953, leading Torah sage in Israel from 1933.
  
• Germany started World War II, and mass killing of 6 million Jews, 1939.