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Immune System
This category is for questions about how our bodies identify and fight off disease, infection or pathogens through specialized cells, tissues and organs. The system that does this is called the immune system. It produces antibodies which recognize intruders and neutralizes potentially pathogenic organisms or substances.
4,548 Questions
When does active immunity occur?
Active immunity will generally occur when a person is exposed to pathogens. This will happen when a disease develops as a result of agents that cause diseases.
Antibodies are produced in the body and attach themselves to antigen?
Yes that is true, and they only attach to a non-self antigen, that is, an antigen not produced in the body. and they only attach to certain antigens
What is the relationship between antigens antibodies and antibiotics?
Antibiotics are used to treat specific diseases caused by bacteria like
Bubonic Plague
Anthrax
Strep Throat
E. Coli
Salmonella
All which have lethal effect if immune to the antibiotic or ineffective treatment
I know I personally was struck with strep throat as a child. I also have a Autistic disorder known as Aspergers Syndrome which individuals have extreme interests and very high intelligence, my extreme interest is currently Bacteria and viruses as well as their effect and course of treatment. Hope this helps.
Urine production is complicated and would take several lessons to describe. The link below may be useful:
Basically, the body uses fluids to make many physical and chemical functions work properly. These are all regulated by feedback mechanisms. For example, the small intestines pulls fluid into the intestines during part of the digestive process. Then, those fluids are pulled back out. (If too much fluid is pulled out, it can result in constipation.) The blood picks up excess fluid which is also pulled out by the kidneys. This, and other processes, are controlled in a delicate "fluid balance" dance that is controlled mostly by the brain and hormones. The kidneys (2 of them) is the last stage of filtration of fluid from your body. The kidneys "pull off" excess fluid gathered from the blood as well as returned from the intestines. If there is heart disease, the heart may be unable to handle excess fluid loads and the same for the kidneys.
The kidneys make the urine almost completely sterile, unless the body has infection or disease (such as diabetes). The urinary bladder stores the urine from fluids processed by the kidneys. Interestingly, the brain does NOT tell the body "don't urinate"-- as far as the brain's normal impulses, the bladder could release the urine anytime. But, when the brain finally turns OFF the "go anytime" switch, it is THEN and only then that we have the urge to urinate. (So the nerve mechanism is backwards: the "go" signal is always "on"; when the "go" signal is "off", then we want to urinate.) At the same time, the brain is receiving feedback about bladder fullness and pressure. When you feel enough pressure to need to urinate, the brain has turned off the "go anytime" switch...and then, you relieve yourself.
What is the secondary immune system?
The lymphatic system is sometimes called the secondary immune system, as it helps to fight infection by filtering out foreign material such as bacteria.
The primary immune system is of course the white blood cells in the blood itself, which identify and attack foreign bodies directly.
Possible causes of blood and leukocytes in urine?
Yes there can be a correlation. Here's my story to compare with yours:
I am 55 yr old female with history of one calcium oxalate kidney stone attack at age 23 resulting in major emergency surgery due to blocked left kidney. My fever was 106.5 due to infection from blockage.
I remained symptom-free for 30 years, but 2 yrs ago, at age 53, I began to have "bouts" of left flank and back pain that could travel to groin that could be relieved by 2 Advils. Nothing like the pain I suffered from the stone blocking my kidney at 23, so I never knew that this odd & uncomfortable transient pain could be kidney stone gravel or sand, or just a small stone passing thru...
I assume I developed lactose intolerance & watched out, but still had bouts which also included belching. I also realized that the pain would appear 12 hours after eating certain foods, in particular, pineapple, oranges, pea soup. I next thought of diverticulitis due to the pain traveling and it seemed like trapped gas as the pain would totally disappear suddenly but without release of any gas. My insides seemed inflamed.
Three weeks ago I had another "attack" after gorging on chocolate & nuts, )both of of which are bad for oxalate stones) It began the usual 12 hours after eating the "bad" food. I had to take 3 Advil, but I slept and the pain was gone in the am but I did have some residual left flank tenderness for days afterward.
About 3 years ago, I got hooked on daily Pepsi and chocolate - both bad for calcium oxalate kidney stones. And I wasn't drinking any water daily! I did a symptom check online and kidney stones kept coming up so everything began to make sense -especially in light of my history at age 23.
I then bought some urine test strips online & my urine was positive for leukocytes (2+), Hemolyzed blood (small) & protein (one color above "trace") And my urine PH was only 5.0 which is highly acidic. (I never saw blood in my urine, nor did I have urgency or any bladder symptoms)
I have been testing now for 2 weeks. I began to drink 3 liters of water/day, added B6 50 mg, magnesium 500 mg, an alkalinity increaser citrite, & acidopholus/bifidus. I also began to take 800 mg/day of Andrographis (natural antibiotic) which has been used sucessfully to treat blood & leukocytes in urine after passage of kidney stones.
I am self-treating at this point. It's been 2 weeks and the protein is negative, blood is negative. PH is up to 7.0. But leukocytes took much longer to change. They are now down to 1+ from 2+ and I believe this is common in resolving infections and takes more time to become negative.
So, it's likely that kidney problems can be related to positive leukocytes in urine. In my case I am hoping that it's stones again, or stone sand/gravel that is/was causing my "bouts" over the past 2 years. However, many kidney diseases can also cause this. Do some research online and try the symptom checker. You also need to try to recall whether you had any flank pain in the week or so leading up to your positive test. You could also just have a UTI that resolved itself. It took me forever to find it, but I just read that a resolving kidney/urinary issue that is resolving can cause this positive reaction with no bacteria present
Good luck to both of us!
Yes there can be a correlation. Here's my story to compare with yours:
I am 55 yr old female with history of one calcium oxalate kidney stone attack at age 23 resulting in major emergency surgery due to blocked left kidney. My fever was 106.5 due to infection from blockage.
I remained symptom-free for 30 years, but 2 yrs ago, at age 53, I began to have "bouts" of left flank and back pain that could travel to groin that could be relieved by 2 Advils. Nothing like the pain I suffered from the stone blocking my kidney at 23, so I never knew that this odd & uncomfortable transient pain could be kidney stone gravel or sand, or just a small stone passing thru...
I assume I developed lactose intolerance & watched out, but still had bouts which also included belching. I also realized that the pain would appear 12 hours after eating certain foods, in particular, pineapple, oranges, pea soup. I next thought of diverticulitis due to the pain traveling and it seemed like trapped gas as the pain would totally disappear suddenly but without release of any gas. My insides seemed inflamed.
Three weeks ago I had another "attack" after gorging on chocolate & nuts, )both of of which are bad for oxalate stones) It began the usual 12 hours after eating the "bad" food. I had to take 3 Advil, but I slept and the pain was gone in the am but I did have some residual left flank tenderness for days afterward.
About 3 years ago, I got hooked on daily Pepsi and chocolate - both bad for calcium oxalate kidney stones. And I wasn't drinking any water daily! I did a symptom check online and kidney stones kept coming up so everything began to make sense -especially in light of my history at age 23.
I then bought some urine test strips online & my urine was positive for leukocytes (2+), Hemolyzed blood (small) & protein (one color above "trace") And my urine PH was only 5.0 which is highly acidic. (I never saw blood in my urine, nor did I have urgency or any bladder symptoms)
I have been testing now for 2 weeks. I began to drink 3 liters of water/day, added B6 50 mg, magnesium 500 mg, an alkalinity increaser citrite, & acidopholus/bifidus. I also began to take 800 mg/day of Andrographis (natural antibiotic) which has been used sucessfully to treat blood & leukocytes in urine after passage of kidney stones.
I am self-treating at this point. It's been 2 weeks and the protein is negative, blood is negative. PH is up to 7.0. But leukocytes took much longer to change. They are now down to 1+ from 2+ and I believe this is common in resolving infections and takes more time to become negative.
So, it's likely that kidney problems can be related to positive leukocytes in urine. In my case I am hoping that it's stones again, or stone sand/gravel that is/was causing my "bouts" over the past 2 years. However, many kidney diseases can also cause this. Do some research online and try the symptom checker. You also need to try to recall whether you had any flank pain in the week or so leading up to your positive test. You could also just have a UTI that resolved itself. It took me forever to find it, but I just read that a resolving kidney/urinary issue that is resolving can cause this positive reaction with no bacteria present
Good luck to both of us!
When the immune system cause cross linking of cells or particles an agglutination reaction occurs and the responsible antibody is an agglutinin.
Also
Agglutinin is a protein found in cow's milk. Because agglutinin clumps, cow's milk requires homogenization in order to remain smooth. The process by which agglutinin clumps is called agglutination.
What is an average number of leukocytes found per cubic millimeter of blood?
There are approx. 7,000 leukocytes per cubic millimeter of blood.
What is the purpose of the human leukocyte antigen test?
The human leukocyte antigen test, also known as HLA, is a test that detects antigens (genetic markers) on white blood cells. There are four types of human leukocyte antigens: HLA-A, HLA-B, HLA-C, and HLA-D.
Does Adderall affect your immune system?
Possibly. See http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12120898&dopt=Abstract, which is a study showing that with short-term and long-term administration of amphetamine in mice at the dosage of 1mg/kg, the immune system response was notably lowered in several areas
Can anaemia cause high lymphocytes and low neutrophils?
high lymphocyte count
leukemia, bleeding
anemia
lack of iron, bleeding,genetics and poor health
Which lymphoid organ serves in immune surveillance and in filtering lymph?
Spleen
•Site of lymphocyte proliferation and immune surveillance and response
•Cleanses the blood of aged cells and platelets and debris
How are pathogens spread by contaminated objects?
Towels or silverware, that have been handed by the infected person.
What are the process of T cell and B cell activation?
T cells (both CD4 "helper" and CD8 "cytotoxic" cells) are activated by antigen presenting cells (i.e. dendritic cells). This involves 3 different signals from the dendritic cell:
1. Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) presents an antigen (foreign peptide) to the T cell
2. A co-stimulatory signal (checking that it is a "professional" antigen presenting cell) which is a B7 molecule binding to a CD28 on the T cell
3. Cytokines (signalling molecule)
It is this 3rd type of signal, the cytokines which is important in the creation of the different T cells (CD8, or cytotoxic T cells and CD4, helper T cells).
Dendritic cells are able to release different cytokines, which cause T cell differentiation.
CD4 cells are presented antigen by MHC class II, whereas CD8 cells are presented antigen by MHC I.
How do specific immune responses lead to active immune responses in the human body?
A good example of specific immune response would be the actions the body takes when one gets a cold or flu virus. If one gets a flu virus the body will build up antibodies to that strain. It may not guarantee protection from another flu strain but rarely will one get any sicker if they catch the same strain again. The bodys immunities adapt and learn to keep the body safe.
Antibodies are produced by what cells?
Antibodies are produced by B lymphocytes as the third line of defense to provide humoral immunity.
Arthritis is possibly caused by an immune system malfunction resulting in joint pain and inflammation. There are different types of arthritis and not all are thought to have this cause. Rheumatoid arthritis is one of the types.
Is it true that neurological illness can cause bladder malfunction?
Yes, you could have bladder malfunction due to neurological illness Alzheimer's, Parkinson's disease or brain injury. It can interfere with the way the bladder and brain communicate leading to an inability to control the bladder. This could lead to bladder infection as well so it is important to show it to the doctor.
