Immune System

humoral immunity

Why cant people just look it up instead of sittin around waiting for other people to answer it. someone be the first to answer it look it up in every book you can find geeze people thats why i never use this website

Airborne is the #1 way it is spread along with contact. If an infected individual coughs into their hand and touches something and then you touch it.....but by domeone coughing without covering their mouth can send infected particles into the air and can be ingested by another individual. These particles can be sent several feet away when an individual coughs without covering their mouth.

The digestive system does not work with the immune system to regulate body functions.

The immune cells do not recognize an entire immunogen molecule, instead the lymphocytes recognize the unique individual chemical groups or discrete & specific sites having three-dimensional shape on the macromolecules, called epitopes.

neutrophil

Edward Jenner became a doctor because after training in London as an army surgeon, spent his whole career as a country doctor in his native county of Gloucestershire in the West of England. His research was based on careful case-studies and clinical observation before scientist could explain the virus themselves.

Yes, Immunization is a form of primary prevention as it prevents the onset of a disease/disease process

Antibodies (Abs), T cell receptors (TCRs) and MHC molecules are all involved in the adaptive immune response. All 3 of these (Abs, TCRs and MHCs) have a range of diversity of structure and are composed of different chains.

In most animals (including humans) antibodies are composed of 2 heavy chains and 2 light chains, each of which has constant and variable regions. This is very similar to a T cell receptor, which is composed of an α (alpha) and β (beta) chain - which have a contant and variable region.

In both cases, it is the variable region(s) which determines what the antibody or the T cell receptor can bind to. This is very important for their function.

T cell receptors (TCRs) and antibodies (Abs) are also similar in that their genes are combined and spliced in different ways to create diversity. It is important that both TCRs and Abs be able to recognise may different things.

MHC molecules are responsible for presenting antigens to T cell receptors. Once again, they are composed of an α (alpha) and β (beta) chain, which are different depending on whether they are MHC I or MHC II.

Haemophilus influenza

Moraxella catharralis

Streptococcus pneumoniae

Staphyloccus aureus

up for discussion

Streptococcus pyogenes

Influenza virus A B and C

neutralization of the antigen, agglutination or precipitation, and complement activation.

zinc

there are 3 main component of immunity which helps to maintain the innate immunity. these are-

1. anatomical barrier such as skin, mucosal membrane, conjuntiva

2. physiological barrier such as fever, Ph, oxygen tension etcf.

3. phagocytosis which is performed by W.B.C.

helper T cell

Assuming the question is a typo for "Why do antibiotics not work on a flu?", the reason is quite simple. Influenza (Flu) is caused by a virus, not a bacteria or parasite.

When you have an infection, and your doctor prescribes you antibiotics, they are working on a bacterial or parasitic infection, not a viral infection.

Put quite simply, antibiotics are not effective whatsoever against viruses.

Antigen

Yes, the skin is the most important nonspecific defense. This is because your oil and sweat glands are acidic.

Line 1 - Non-specific: Barriers such as intact skin, natural flora, mucus membranes.

Line 2 - Non-specific: White blood cells such as Phagocytes (e.g. macrophages/dendritic cells), Inflammatory response, interferons.

Line 3 - Specific: White blood cells such as B and T cells and antigens.

The cells of the innate system recognize and respond to the pathogens in a specific generic way.

In general, it takes approximately one week(or less than a week) for an adult to develop antibodies during primary immune response.

The "Germs,Viruses,Bacteria, I Can't think of anymore". ...

Antibodies are basically all the same except for a tip that recognizes the corresponding antigen. When the antibody finds this antigen it locks on and targets the virus.

with white blood cells and antibodies. If you have it though, its probably because of drinking unclean water, you should go to the hospital right away

Two ways that pathogenic organisms can cause infection and disease is by producing poison and to attack and destroy the living cells they intrude.