Information Technology

Developments in information technology have dramatically impacted multimedia by enabling faster processing speeds, higher storage capacities, and improved connectivity. This has allowed for the creation and consumption of richer, more complex multimedia content such as high-definition videos, virtual reality experiences, and interactive applications. Additionally, advances in data compression and transmission technologies have made it easier to distribute multimedia content across various platforms and devices.

Seaports are key infrastructure that facilitate maritime trade by serving as points of entry and exit for ships transporting goods. They typically offer berthing facilities, cargo-handling equipment, storage facilities, and customs services. Seaports play a crucial role in connecting countries and regions through global maritime trade routes.

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Evolution of information and communication technology (ICT) has passed through different stages, namely; invention of printing stage, invention of radio and television stage, invention of computer stage as well as linking up computers with information and communication technology (ICT).

The introduction of new technologies has enabled certain countries or corporations to gain dominance globally through increased access to resources, markets, and information. This has led to a stratification where those with advanced technologies have a competitive advantage over those without, exacerbating inequalities between different countries and social classes. Additionally, technology has also created new forms of power and control, influencing global politics and economics.

Information technology has evolved from basic calculators and punch cards to complex systems such as cloud computing, artificial intelligence, and blockchain technology. This evolution has led to greater connectivity, automation, and efficiency in how we store and process data. The constant innovation and development in IT continue to shape our modern world and drive advancements in various industries.

Things like 'Who actually needs access to the information on the network - can a directory structure of restricted access be placed on it' and 'Is the confidential element of the information - especially patient details - secure when being sent over the network'

If we look closely, information technology has played a key role in the revival of hotel industry in the past half decade. IT professionals and creators of hotel technology platforms are the individuals who have been playing a significant, behind-the-scene role in ensuring smooth IT operations throughout the industry. While IT professionals work from remote locations in case of many small hotels, large hotel chains normally have dedicated IT departments. The on-site IT professionals are normally on the rolls of hotel and form an integral part of the hotel staff. Most of these professionals have a hospitality management background, along with an IT qualification, thereby by making them just the right kind of people for the job. IT will continue to play a significant role in growth of hotel industry in times to come.

The use of Information technology is increasing day by day, we all depend on New technology and we use various technologies to accomplish specific tasks in our daily life. Today we have various technologies which impact our lives in different ways.

sector in India has played a vital role in putting India on the

worldwide map.

IT sector in India has been one of the most considerable growth factors for

the Indian economic climate. The industry has played a.

substantial function in changing India's photo.

from a sluggish relocating administrative economy to a land of cutting-edge entrepreneurs and a global.

player in supplying top quality technology remedies and also business solutions. The sector has.

helped India change fr.

om a rural and agriculture.

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based economic situation to a data base.

economy.

With the advent of personal computers and the internet, almost everyone uses information systems in their daily lives. Many get up in the morning, make a cup of coffee, boot up their computer, check the latest news and latest sports scores, maybe check their banking account, maybe check their brokerage account, maybe check their credit card accounts. Then perhaps they go to Amazon and see what bargains are there. Then perhaps they go to Ebay and see how their bids are holding and see if there is anything else they might want to bid on. Might possibly need some new clothing so they check out Land's End or Cabela's or whatever other site they like to shop at. After all that they check on their friends on Facebook to see what the latest news for them is. Today information is at the touch of your fingertips whereas 20 years ago it was not so readily available.

A methodology is a formal technique that has a structured sequence of procedures that is used

to solve a problem. Methodology is important in the implementation of information security

because it ensures that development is structured in an orderly, comprehensive fashion. The

methodology unies the process of identifying specic threats and the creation of specic

controls to counter those threats into a coherent program. Thus, a methodology is important

in the implementation of information security for two main reasons.

(a) First, it entails all the rigorous steps for the organizations' employees to follow, therefore

avoiding any unnecessary mistakes that may compromise the end goal (i.e., to have a

comprehensive security posture).

(b) Second, methodology increases the probability of success. Once a methodology is adopted,

the personnel selected will be responsible for establishing key milestones and made ac-

countable for achieving the project goals.

Data integrity in information technology refers to the accuracy, consistency, and reliability of data across its lifecycle. It ensures that data is not altered or manipulated in an unauthorized or unintended way, maintaining its trustworthiness and quality for decision-making and operational purposes. This is often achieved through data validation, encryption, access controls, and regular monitoring for any unauthorized changes.

Anyone who checks their email or has an instant message conversation can tell that. People all over the world connect because of technology. Technology also makes business possible. Can you imagine having to own a business without a phone or a computer how hard would that be?

Information technology is used for various purposes such as communication, data storage, automation, and improving efficiency. However, it can be abused through cybercrime, invasion of privacy, spreading misinformation, and creating dependency. It is important to use information technology responsibly and ethically to maximize its benefits while minimizing its negative impacts.

The key thrusts of ITMRA are to:

1. Require greater accountability for systems improvements achieved

through the use of IT.

2. Implement performance-based and results-based management.

positive impact that information tecnology have on the society

That make possible to connect 6 billion peoples all overr the world regardless the religion, nationality, color and language.

Information technology has evolved over time through the contributions of many individuals and organizations. It does not have a single inventor, but rather has been built upon the work of various innovators including Ada Lovelace, Charles Babbage, Alan Turing, and many others who have made significant contributions to the field.

Information plays a crucial role in today's careers by enabling decision-making, problem-solving, and innovation. It helps professionals stay up-to-date with industry trends, make strategic business choices, and communicate effectively with colleagues and clients. Access to accurate and relevant information can give individuals a competitive edge in their respective fields.

Because everything has been advance, too much quick and fast. For example if you want to search or read books then you can use internet and find a lot of digital libraries in a fraction of seconds.

To evaluate relevant sources of data and information, consider factors such as credibility, reliability, objectivity, relevance, and timeliness. Look for sources that are reputable, peer-reviewed, and provide evidence to support their claims. It's important to compare and cross-reference multiple sources to ensure accuracy and avoid bias.

Absolutely Yes. Today information technology provide commutation facilities to contact each other like they in a single room. as an example using video conferencing , teleconferencing are famous example to them. Today Google (maps.google.com)map , street view etc are provide facilities to visit the earth as we are in the places that we want to visit. Within few seconds you can visit different countries as well as communicate with persons are living in different countries. hence we can accept the answer "Yes" for the above Save question.

Knowledge-Based Systems

A knowledge-based system is a computer program that reasons and uses knowledge to solve complex problems. Traditionally, computers have solved complex problems using arithmetic algorithms created by programmers. With knowledge-based systems, human knowledge is captured and embedded explicitly within a program in a symbolic format.

Expressing knowledge as rules and heuristics has two particular advantages over previous software development technology. Not only can explicit knowledge be trapped in the computer, but so can implicit knowledge, which is useful and potentially very profitable. The other advantage is that knowledge that exists in the form of rules can be captured in that form, without having to be converted by teams of analysts and programmers into data definitions and procedures.
Types of Systems

One way that knowledge-based systems can be classified is by the kind of conclusions they produce. Some interpret the available evidence and produce diagnoses-for example, to explain the reason for a machine breakdown. Others interpret the available evidence but offer a prediction, such as the likelihood of a particular applicant for a loan becoming a slow-payer or a defaulter. Some systems address design questions, proposing the form or layout of a product or the configuration of components. Some are related to industrial engineering matters such as the procedure for assembling the components.

However, not all knowledge-based systems are so ambitious. Many merely use the captured rules to determine to which class a particular example belongs. For example, a system might determine whether a particular person is, or is not, entitled to a particular government benefit, an entry visa, or permanent residence.
Development Techniques

During the development of a knowledge-based system, knowledge is extracted from one or more domain specialists, or people who have specialized knowledge in the relevant domain. The knowledge is commonly expressed in the form of antecedent-consequent (IF THEN) rules. In some cases it may be possible for the domain specialist to feed the knowledge directly into the system, but usually an intermediary knowledge engineer captures it using supporting software.

Once the system is developed, a user consults it to find information about some event or situation within a problem domain. The software draws inferences by applying the explicit rules elicited by the expert and the more general implicit rules derived by the system. A result is provided to the user in the form of a diagnosis, prognosis, recommendation, or decision, depending on the nature of the application. In addition, the user may request an explanation of the argument the software used to reach its conclusion.

Knowledge-based systems usually contain three components: a human-computer interface , a knowledge base, and an inference engine program. The human-computer interface is where the user formulates queries, which the knowledge-based system uses to solicit further information from the user and explain to the user the reasoning process employed to arrive at an answer. The knowledge of one or more human experts in a specific field or task is stored in the knowledge base. The knowledge base is set up as an intelligent database-it can usually manipulate the stored information in a logical, natural, or easy-to-find way. It can conduct searches based on predetermined rules of defined associations and relationships, as well as by the more traditional data search techniques.

The knowledge base is usually made up of factual knowledge, and sometimes even heuristic knowledge. Factual knowledge consists of information that is commonly shared, found in textbooks or journals, or agreed upon by humans knowledgeable in a specific field or task. Heuristic knowledge, on the other hand, is experiential knowledge of performance; it is the knowledge behind an educated guess.

The inference engine of an expert system is usually set up to mimic the reasoning, or problem-solving ability, that the human expert would use to arrive at a conclusion. The inference engine simulates the evaluation process of relating the information and rules in the knowledge base to the answers to a series of questions given by the operator. Following this model, an expert system will receive propositions, or answers to a certain line of questions, and then try to use its inference engine to process the information into rules. It will compare the propositions to the facts and rules registered in its knowledge base.
Current and Future Uses

The primary goal of knowledge-based systems is to make expertise available to decision-makers who need answers quickly. Expertise is often unavailable at the right place and the right time. Portable computers loaded with in-depth knowledge of specific subjects can bring years' worth of knowledge to a specific problem. The first knowledge-based or expert system, Dendral, was developed in 1965 by Edward Feigenbaum (1936-) and Joshua Lederberg of Stanford University in California and was used to analyze chemical compounds. Since 1965, knowledge-based systems have enhanced productivity in business, science, engineering, and the military. They also attempt to predict the weather, stock market values, and mineral deposit locations; give a medical diagnosis; dispense medication; and evaluate applications and transaction patterns.

Knowledge-based systems appear to have a great deal of potential, but they also face some challenges. These include the shortage of knowledge engineers with necessary skills; the relative immaturity of many of the available tools; and overly specific problem domains. Most knowledge-based systems deal with very specific problem domains, and therefore do not undertake or support a complete activity, but rather one or two tasks within a sequence or cluster of tasks. The benefit that such software offers is not necessarily to automate the process completely and cut costs drastically, but to assist the user to complete the activity faster, somewhat more cheaply, and probably more accurately.

see also Artificial Intelligence; Neural Networks.

William J. Yurcik
Bibliography

Gonzalez, Avelino J., and Douglas D. Dankel. The Engineering of Knowledge-Based Systems: Theory and Practice. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 2000.

Ignizio, James P. An Introduction to Expert Systems: The Development and Implementation of Rule-based Expert Systems. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1991.

Jackson, Peter. Introduction to Expert Systems, 3rd ed. Reading, MA: Addison Wesley International Computer Science Series, 1999.

Stefik, Mark J. Introduction to Knowledge Systems. San Francisco: Morgan Kaufmann, 1995.

Data and information systems(software) actually speed up and simplifies the process of work, and management in a business. example, an Automated Payroll System that compute salary in a easy way. Information System - the database of a business. It includes, employees information, inventories etc.

Example:

You want to know the complete address of a certain employee.

Data is used by Information systems (like Employee Information System) as an input (these are raw facts, example: employee ID number) and used into a process (searching), and and output which is information (complete address).

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