Information Technology

Data integrity in information technology refers to the accuracy, consistency, and reliability of data across its lifecycle. It ensures that data is not altered or manipulated in an unauthorized or unintended way, maintaining its trustworthiness and quality for decision-making and operational purposes. This is often achieved through data validation, encryption, access controls, and regular monitoring for any unauthorized changes.

Anyone who checks their email or has an instant message conversation can tell that. People all over the world connect because of technology. Technology also makes business possible. Can you imagine having to own a business without a phone or a computer how hard would that be?

Information technology is used for various purposes such as communication, data storage, automation, and improving efficiency. However, it can be abused through cybercrime, invasion of privacy, spreading misinformation, and creating dependency. It is important to use information technology responsibly and ethically to maximize its benefits while minimizing its negative impacts.

The key thrusts of ITMRA are to:

1. Require greater accountability for systems improvements achieved

through the use of IT.

2. Implement performance-based and results-based management.

positive impact that information tecnology have on the society

That make possible to connect 6 billion peoples all overr the world regardless the religion, nationality, color and language.

Information technology has evolved over time through the contributions of many individuals and organizations. It does not have a single inventor, but rather has been built upon the work of various innovators including Ada Lovelace, Charles Babbage, Alan Turing, and many others who have made significant contributions to the field.

Information plays a crucial role in today's careers by enabling decision-making, problem-solving, and innovation. It helps professionals stay up-to-date with industry trends, make strategic business choices, and communicate effectively with colleagues and clients. Access to accurate and relevant information can give individuals a competitive edge in their respective fields.

Because everything has been advance, too much quick and fast. For example if you want to search or read books then you can use internet and find a lot of digital libraries in a fraction of seconds.

To evaluate relevant sources of data and information, consider factors such as credibility, reliability, objectivity, relevance, and timeliness. Look for sources that are reputable, peer-reviewed, and provide evidence to support their claims. It's important to compare and cross-reference multiple sources to ensure accuracy and avoid bias.

Absolutely Yes. Today information technology provide commutation facilities to contact each other like they in a single room. as an example using video conferencing , teleconferencing are famous example to them. Today Google (maps.google.com)map , street view etc are provide facilities to visit the earth as we are in the places that we want to visit. Within few seconds you can visit different countries as well as communicate with persons are living in different countries. hence we can accept the answer "Yes" for the above Save question.

Knowledge-Based Systems

A knowledge-based system is a computer program that reasons and uses knowledge to solve complex problems. Traditionally, computers have solved complex problems using arithmetic algorithms created by programmers. With knowledge-based systems, human knowledge is captured and embedded explicitly within a program in a symbolic format.

Expressing knowledge as rules and heuristics has two particular advantages over previous software development technology. Not only can explicit knowledge be trapped in the computer, but so can implicit knowledge, which is useful and potentially very profitable. The other advantage is that knowledge that exists in the form of rules can be captured in that form, without having to be converted by teams of analysts and programmers into data definitions and procedures.
Types of Systems

One way that knowledge-based systems can be classified is by the kind of conclusions they produce. Some interpret the available evidence and produce diagnoses-for example, to explain the reason for a machine breakdown. Others interpret the available evidence but offer a prediction, such as the likelihood of a particular applicant for a loan becoming a slow-payer or a defaulter. Some systems address design questions, proposing the form or layout of a product or the configuration of components. Some are related to industrial engineering matters such as the procedure for assembling the components.

However, not all knowledge-based systems are so ambitious. Many merely use the captured rules to determine to which class a particular example belongs. For example, a system might determine whether a particular person is, or is not, entitled to a particular government benefit, an entry visa, or permanent residence.
Development Techniques

During the development of a knowledge-based system, knowledge is extracted from one or more domain specialists, or people who have specialized knowledge in the relevant domain. The knowledge is commonly expressed in the form of antecedent-consequent (IF THEN) rules. In some cases it may be possible for the domain specialist to feed the knowledge directly into the system, but usually an intermediary knowledge engineer captures it using supporting software.

Once the system is developed, a user consults it to find information about some event or situation within a problem domain. The software draws inferences by applying the explicit rules elicited by the expert and the more general implicit rules derived by the system. A result is provided to the user in the form of a diagnosis, prognosis, recommendation, or decision, depending on the nature of the application. In addition, the user may request an explanation of the argument the software used to reach its conclusion.

Knowledge-based systems usually contain three components: a human-computer interface , a knowledge base, and an inference engine program. The human-computer interface is where the user formulates queries, which the knowledge-based system uses to solicit further information from the user and explain to the user the reasoning process employed to arrive at an answer. The knowledge of one or more human experts in a specific field or task is stored in the knowledge base. The knowledge base is set up as an intelligent database-it can usually manipulate the stored information in a logical, natural, or easy-to-find way. It can conduct searches based on predetermined rules of defined associations and relationships, as well as by the more traditional data search techniques.

The knowledge base is usually made up of factual knowledge, and sometimes even heuristic knowledge. Factual knowledge consists of information that is commonly shared, found in textbooks or journals, or agreed upon by humans knowledgeable in a specific field or task. Heuristic knowledge, on the other hand, is experiential knowledge of performance; it is the knowledge behind an educated guess.

The inference engine of an expert system is usually set up to mimic the reasoning, or problem-solving ability, that the human expert would use to arrive at a conclusion. The inference engine simulates the evaluation process of relating the information and rules in the knowledge base to the answers to a series of questions given by the operator. Following this model, an expert system will receive propositions, or answers to a certain line of questions, and then try to use its inference engine to process the information into rules. It will compare the propositions to the facts and rules registered in its knowledge base.
Current and Future Uses

The primary goal of knowledge-based systems is to make expertise available to decision-makers who need answers quickly. Expertise is often unavailable at the right place and the right time. Portable computers loaded with in-depth knowledge of specific subjects can bring years' worth of knowledge to a specific problem. The first knowledge-based or expert system, Dendral, was developed in 1965 by Edward Feigenbaum (1936-) and Joshua Lederberg of Stanford University in California and was used to analyze chemical compounds. Since 1965, knowledge-based systems have enhanced productivity in business, science, engineering, and the military. They also attempt to predict the weather, stock market values, and mineral deposit locations; give a medical diagnosis; dispense medication; and evaluate applications and transaction patterns.

Knowledge-based systems appear to have a great deal of potential, but they also face some challenges. These include the shortage of knowledge engineers with necessary skills; the relative immaturity of many of the available tools; and overly specific problem domains. Most knowledge-based systems deal with very specific problem domains, and therefore do not undertake or support a complete activity, but rather one or two tasks within a sequence or cluster of tasks. The benefit that such software offers is not necessarily to automate the process completely and cut costs drastically, but to assist the user to complete the activity faster, somewhat more cheaply, and probably more accurately.

see also Artificial Intelligence; Neural Networks.

William J. Yurcik
Bibliography

Gonzalez, Avelino J., and Douglas D. Dankel. The Engineering of Knowledge-Based Systems: Theory and Practice. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 2000.

Ignizio, James P. An Introduction to Expert Systems: The Development and Implementation of Rule-based Expert Systems. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1991.

Jackson, Peter. Introduction to Expert Systems, 3rd ed. Reading, MA: Addison Wesley International Computer Science Series, 1999.

Stefik, Mark J. Introduction to Knowledge Systems. San Francisco: Morgan Kaufmann, 1995.

Data and information systems(software) actually speed up and simplifies the process of work, and management in a business. example, an Automated Payroll System that compute salary in a easy way. Information System - the database of a business. It includes, employees information, inventories etc.

Example:

You want to know the complete address of a certain employee.

Data is used by Information systems (like Employee Information System) as an input (these are raw facts, example: employee ID number) and used into a process (searching), and and output which is information (complete address).

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Concurrent control is a type of control mechanism that focuses on managing activities as they happen in real time. It involves monitoring ongoing processes to ensure that they are progressing according to plan and taking corrective actions immediately if any deviations or issues are detected. By implementing concurrent control, organizations can improve efficiency, identify problems early, and prevent them from escalating into larger issues.

Information can be misused through spreading false or misleading information, manipulating data for personal gain, invading privacy, committing fraud or identity theft, and spreading harmful or inappropriate content. It can also be used to manipulate public opinion, influence elections, or engage in cyber attacks.

The definition and scope of information technology is the application of telecommunications and computers to store, manipulate and transfer data. This covers the entire business sector and other industries.

Information technology has revolutionized communication, making it faster and more efficient. It has also improved access to information, enabling individuals to stay informed and make better decisions. Additionally, IT has streamlined business operations, leading to increased productivity and innovation.

Some current trends in information technology include artificial intelligence, edge computing, cybersecurity, and cloud computing. Common issues in IT include data privacy concerns, cybersecurity threats, skills gap in the workforce, and the rapid pace of technological change. Organizations must stay informed and adapt to these trends and issues to remain competitive.

To join the CBI or CID in India, typically one needs to be a part of the Indian Police Service (IPS) or state police services. To become an IPS officer, a candidate must appear for the Civil Services Examination conducted by the Union Public Service Commission (UPSC). While a background in information technology can be beneficial, candidates need to clear the required exams and meet the eligibility criteria set by the government for the IPS.

The emergence of information technology has revolutionized communication, access to information, and the way we work. It has created new job opportunities, facilitated global connections, and increased efficiency in many industries. However, it has also raised concerns about privacy, security, and the digital divide between those who have access to technology and those who do not.

well when i got up this morning to an alarm clock i used my toaster to make some toasty and delicous pop tarts then took the bus too school where i decided in study hall to make this dumb answer to your dumb question. good luck

hindi is playing an important in information technology as all we know before a decade information technology is considered the field of highly educated and eilite class people. but today we see that hindi has made its place in informaton technology and hindi and I T both have become "purak" of each other. with the help and assistance of hindi information technology has reached to every nook and corner of country and an ordinary person is familiar with it. every one know the importance of information technology. internet has totally changed the mind set of the people who thought that without the knowlege of english one cannot gain the benefit of technology. but the scenario has changed every thing is being done in hindi through information technology, whether it is education, agriculture, industry, geoography, science, medicine, government department etc. in conclusion it can be said that hindi is playing a great role to literate the people of this country in their mother tongue and future of hindi is very bright

1. Research: IT provides students access to vast online resources and databases, aiding in conducting comprehensive research for subjects like history or literature.
2. Collaboration: IT tools enable students to collaborate effectively with peers on group projects or study sessions for subjects such as biology or languages.
3. Organization: IT tools like online calendars or task managers can assist students in organizing study schedules and deadlines for subjects like mathematics or physics.
4. Communication: IT facilitates communication with teachers and peers, allowing students to seek clarification or discuss concepts in subjects like chemistry or economics.
5. Visualization: IT tools can be used to create visual representations and simulations that enhance understanding of complex topics in subjects such as geography or art.