Linux

Minicom (for the command line) and PuTTy (graphical) can both connect as a client to other computers through a serial port (/dev/ttySx). Minicom can also provide server functionality.

This is not a simple task, as most package managers expect you to be able to connect to the internet to download updates and install software. You can download packages from your distro's repository and install them manually, but you must make sure you get all the necessary dependencies. Keeping track of these is difficult, which is why package managers were created in the first place.

Yes. The Linux kernel and most programs bundled with it are licensed under the GPL, LGPL,or other similar license that permits commercial redistribution, as long as you make the source code available to your customers. If you want to sell copies of a pre-established Linux distro, make sure that it does not bundle programs that prohibit such activity.

Entered Data On Computer Cards

You wouldn't use a shell script to do this. Any program could listen on a port by connecting or binding to a socket address. There are some utility languages such as Perl that could connect to a port and listen, but the listening would also be a function of what you are listening for.

GNOME is the name of the desktop environment; it isn't any particular location. The GNOME desktop will typically appear once you log in. If you have multiple desktop environments installed, you can typically choose the one you want to use from the Options menu in the login screen.

If a file has permision of 777 in Linux than it means that it have full permision to do anythink with file like Read,write,execute to any user eg. root (admin),Group users and user(local user)

user can change file contents,delete file,move that file anywhere and more operations.

But it is not good policy as point of security because any user can do everything with file he can change file information,delete it,send to other user

so if we create any file than it's permision shoud be 744(644) so that group member and other user can read it only nothing to change it.

But if you want that group members can also have full permision to do than you need

774 permision actually files already have execute permision in any file so you can set 664 it is same as 774 permision.

Remember that in files 4 is permision to read, 2 for write and 1 for execute

Satyaveer

There is no such thing. The "default shell" is a decision made by the distributor.

Quite a bit of a question;) For a start see the attached link.

Slackware Linux has a number of advanced features. Some of them are GCC 4.1.2, XII 7.2.0, HAL, Linux 2.6.21.5, Xfce 4.4.1, The K Desktop Environment and Apache 2.2.4.

Format the hard drive using a standalone program or installation procedure of another operating system such as Unix/Linux. You cannot do it from a running copy of Windows.

No. Linux, like Unix, is designed to be a multi-user system.

Yes it does. Microsoft releases version for Windows and Mac OS X operating systems. While for Unix and Linux there is open source alternative called Moonlight. It is not fully compatible with latest version of Microsoft released Silverlight.

SSH stands for Secure Shell. (Often shown as Secure SHell.) It is a secure method for a host computer to connect to a remote computer on the network or over the internet.

usermod -e, --expiredate EXPIRE_DATE

The date on which the user account will be disabled. The date is specified in the format YYYY-MM-DD.

Windows is much less reliable. I think many people now realise that there are much better OSs than Windows BUT Windows is the most common so it is easy to find software, comes standard on a lot of new computers and there are a lot of people out there that can fix a Windows machine. I agree, Microsoft products have a poor record when one considers reliability important. Microsoft updates the Windows products regularly to provide more screen appeal but they haven't really done much to make it reliable. Everyone knows that Windows "hangs" and the only thing you can do is "reboot". One advantage to the Linux OS is that it is possible to trap individual errors in an application and the application won't cause the entire OS to crash.

rename filename.txt newfilename

There is generally only 1 standard command for permissions on a file or directory - chmod. You can affect permissions by other commands such as changing the ownership or group ownership of a file or directory.

Other commands may be specific to different versions of Unix and Linux, so are not listed here.

Strictly speaking, a "shell" is simply the interface between the user and the rest of the operating system. In that definition not all shells on Linux are command lines.

However, most day-to-day usage of the term "shell" does refer to command line user interfaces.

Finally, "Linux shell" is not a thing. Linux is an operating system, specifically a kernel, not a shell. Most Linux distributions use BASH, but I personally prefer ZSH.

You can copy and backup any file in Linux, even if they are open. However, if the file is being edited, this is generally a bad idea, since the backup will not reflect any recent changes after they are saved.

In Linux and Unix-like systems, the "root" account is the only account with all possible privileges. The "root" password would be the password needed to access this account or assume its identity.

cat /etc/passwd|grep bash

In Normal mode, just hit the X key to delete the currently-highlighted character.