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Molecular Biology
Molecular biology is the study of how molecules (biomolecules such as protein, DNA) communicate in the cell and how the field helps to study them in a external condition.
267 Questions
Why are the gels stained after the run during electrophoresis?
The DNA fragments being run through an electrophoresis gel are being pulled along an electric field. The DNA migrating stays in the gel because the gel is very thick (made from the synthetic polymer polyacrylamide or the seaweed-derived agarose) and the fragments are traveling in a straight line towards the anode (the electrode in which the electricity is flowing into). The wells cut at the beginning end of the gel only go halfway deep into the gel so the traveling DNA is suspended in the middle.
The DNA has an overall negative charge in the sugar-phosphate backbone of the helix, so no matter what the length of the fragment they all move towards the anode when a current runs through the system. Longer pieces lag behind and smaller pieces move quicker through the gel.
Very long DNA segments need to use pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. This method uses and electrical field that is continually making subtle changes in direction. The overall direction stays the same but the sort of snaking motion keeps the DNA oriented in the right direction and from folding over or "catching up with itself".
How are molecules such as proteins denatured?
Most commonly a protein can be denatured due to several factors. One of the most common ways of denaturing proteins is through heat. Proteins can also be denatured by exposure to alcohol.
What are expression vectors in recombinant DNA technology?
Expression vectors are plasmids used to produce (heterologous expression) proteins from your gene of interest in the expression host(such as E.coli, Yeast, Human cell lines). The gene of interest cloned in this vector (at the MCS) will be transformed in to the host for protein expression. check this out for more info:
Molecules: groups of atoms bonded together due to the sharing or donating of electrons
Examples: Carbon dioxide, water, NaCl, oxygen
Biological molecules (a.k.a. biomolecules, organic macromolecules, or macromolecules): large molecules that are abundantly found in living organisms and are essential for life.
There are four major types of biological molecules
- Carbohydrates
- Lipids (fats)
- Proteins
- Nucleic Acids
Other molecules may be considered biological if they are created or used by living organisms, but that is a very broad definition that would include molecules such as alcohols, gases, or inorganic compounds.
Which molecules has the most potential energy?
Kinetic energy is energy produced by motion/activity. Molecules become more active as they heat up. Therefore, molecules in a gaseous state would have the greatest kinetic energy.
Fats are large non polar, insoluble molecules composed of elements - Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen
Who discovered the secret of DNA sequencing?
Fred Sanger discovered how to sequence DNA in 1951 after the Ferranti Mark 1 computer was delivered to his lab at the University of Manchester. This computer allowed molecular biology research to be analysed in new ways, which ultimately led to DNA sequencing.
A compound what large molecules contain carbon?
Compounds are called Hydrocarbons.They should only contain C and H.
What does in situ hybridization mean?
Genomic in-situ hybridization is the name of a useful tool. It is widely used to analyze plant structures to ascertain their origin, location and genomics.
What 2 macromolecules store energy in carbon hydrogen bonds?
Hydrogen bonding found in macromolecules in living things (from the most to the least):
- DNA
- proteins
- cellulose (plants)
- urea
- ammonia
What molecules are in salt water?
Salt water usually refers to a a solution of common salt, sodium chloride, NaCl.
What organic molecules does the body need?
There are four major organic molecules in the body, which are called macromolecules. These include lipids, carbohydrates, proteins and nucleic acids.
What is the fundamental molecular components found in living organisms in biology?
DNA, proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, Vitamins, mineral salts are fundamental molecules of living system. DNA codes for information that can make RNA and proteins. Proteins act as enzymes and builds body. Carbohydates and lipids are mainly energy producers, lipids can also takes part in membrane, hormone productions. vitamins and minerals are vital for various cellular metabolic processes.
What 3 molecules are involved in transcription?
Many molecules preform transcription. From the DNA required as a template to the mRNA and tRNA and the protein (ribosomes).
The enzyme (made of molecules) that transcribes DNA into RNA is transcriptase.
Because I don't fully understand your question, enzymes are not usually referred to as molecules you may be asking about the base pairs for RNA which are referred to as molecules of adenine (A) which forms a base pair with uracil (U) and guanine (G) which forms a base pair with cytosine (C).
What is an exception to the central dogma of molecular biology?
The "central dogma" states information goes from DNA to RNA to Protein in a retrovirus it goes from RNA to DNA back to RNA to Protein. The central dogma as it is called has so many exceptions now that it is no longer considered central.
How do water molecules dissolve salt?
Water is a relatively unique molecule as the Oxygen atom shares electrons with both Hydrogen atoms, and also has two lone (unshared) pairs of electrons. This makes the physical structure of the molecule bent or v-shaped. This shape, with the Oxygen at the point of the vee, and the Hydrogens at the ends, makes the molecule polar. A polar molecule has a relative negative charge at one end, and a relative positive charge at the other. Becuase all ionic molecules (salt, NaCl) are also polar, and like dissolves like, water's polarity can 'grab onto' salt's polarity and pull it apart, dissolving it.
The chemical equation is:
H2O(l) + NaCl(s) --> H2O(l) + Na+(aq) + Cl-(aq)
Where l means liquid, s solid and aq aqueous (dissolved) Water is a relatively unique molecule as the Oxygen atom shares electrons with both Hydrogen atoms, and also has two lone (unshared) pairs of electrons. This makes the physical structure of the molecule bent or v-shaped. This shape, with the Oxygen at the point of the vee, and the Hydrogens at the ends, makes the molecule polar. A polar molecule has a relative negative charge at one end, and a relative positive charge at the other. Becuase all ionic molecules (salt, NaCl) are also polar, and like dissolves like, water's polarity can 'grab onto' salt's polarity and pull it apart, dissolving it.
The chemical equation is:
H2O(l) + NaCl(s) --> H2O(l) + Na+(aq) + Cl-(aq)
Where l means liquid, s solid and aq aqueous (dissolved)
How are water molecules like magnets?
water molecules are polar (there is an unequal charge around the molecule) The oxygen end of the water molecule is negatively charged and the hydrogen ends of the water molecule is positively charged. thus, the oxygen will attract positive atoms and the hydrogens will attact negative atoms
What 2 things will always be found on a trna molecule?
The tRNA molecule functions to pick up specific amino acids to take to the ribosomes which contains the anticodon that base pairs with the codon of the mRNA strand. This controls the type of amino acid is attached to the protein being formed.
How do two water molecules stick together?
They change direction and they might exchange their momentum.
How does adhesion work on molecules?
well u know that i dont know anythin so u betta shat ap. SIKE.
Adhesion causes water to wet a glass container and thus causes the water's surface to rise near the container's walls. If there were no forces acting in opposition, the water would creep higher and higher on the walls and eventually overflow the container. The forces of cohesion act to minimize the surface area of the liquid (see surface tension); when the cohesive force acting to reduce the surface area becomes equal to the adhesive force acting to increase it (e.g., by pulling water up the walls of a glass), equilibrium is reached and the liquid stops rising where it contacts the solid.
YUP u betta be thankfull. u ugly self :)
What kind of molecules are the nucleotides?
All nucleotides have:
1) a phosphate group (same for all nucleotides)
2) a 5-carbon sugar (same for a particular type of nucleic acid - deoxyribose for DNA, ribose for RNA)
3) nucleoside (purine or pyrimidine base - varies for each nucleotide - there are 5 total - 4 for DNA (adenine, cytosine, guanine, thymine) - 4 for RNA (adenine, cytosine, guanine, uracil)
