Nerves

Chemical Substance

Calcium ions enter the presynaptic neuron resulting in the release of neurotransmitter from the per-synaptic membrane. The neurotransmitter diffuses across the synaptic cleft, fusing with the receptors of the post-synaptic membrane. This changes the sodium channels to open and sodium ions will to flow into the post-synaptic neuron, depolarizing the post-synaptic membrane. This initiates an action potential. After the post-synaptic neuron has been affected, the neurotransmitter is removed by a type of enzyme called cholinesterase. The inactivated neurotransmitter then returns to the pre-synaptic neuron.

. Novocaine is a sodium channel blocker. Explain why do you"feel no pain". What other functions besides sensory might be affected?

Axon sends the message. Dendrite receives it.

ulnar

The neuron classified as an adrenergic fiber is the sympathetic postganglionic neuron.

Talk to a trustworthy adult about it. They will understand. I did the same thing being in the same situation you are, I presume. I am actually a teacher myself.

This is known as the menstrual cycle.

a fever affects the nervous system because it has a direct effect on the brain which is what controls the nervous system. The hotter it gets the more noticable the nervous system changes will be. IE If you are a child and you have a 104 fever you might be tired/sleepy, miserable, body cramps etc but once you get that fever down a few degrees the nervous system functions closer to normal allowing them to get back up and run around. If you are an adult and you get a fever of 104 your unable to get up and function (typically) even if you get the fever down a few degrees.

vagus nerve

Ansul is a brand name for wet chemical fire suppression equipment found in kitchens of restaurants and hotels. The systems usually contain an automated activation system (via a heat rated fusible link) and a manual release mechanism.

A low Ph fire suppression chemical (known as Ansulex, or R-102) is stored within agent tanks, and is fed through supply lines after actuation by pressurised Nitrogen or CO2 (stored in cartridge form) to discharge nozzles above appliances. Most of the system components are made from Stainless Steel for hygiene reasons.

Ansul systems are very design specific and should only be designed, installed and maintained by authorised Ansul distributors and engineers.

I apologize for not getting back to you sooner re your question, but have been doing extensive research regarding children with Grey Matter Heterotophia. I was in awe that although there is much scientific and clinical information there was no mention of Parent's Support Group with a child who has Grey Matter Heterotophia. However, I did my best and came up with St. Jude's Children's Research Hospital. Here is the site: www.stjude.org/EmailForms/jsp/contact_forms.jsp. The mailing address is: St. Jude's Children's Research Hospital,

332 N. Lauderdale

Memphis TN 38105 USA Although the site I gave you sounds more like a form fill out, there are tabs you can go onto to research and also to contact specific help you will need. You, better than I also know you need a Parent's Support Group of sorts, and to keep up-to-date on any new scientific develops regarding this genetic disorder which St. Jude's Hospital does provide. I also found the Email address of a Doctor in the UK. Email: b.neville@ich.ucl.ac.uk Here is the best and most reliable information I could get you about understanding Grey Matter Heteropathic: = Gray matter heterotopia = Grey Matter Heterotopia (singular heterotopion) is a neurological disorder caused by clumps of grey matter being located in the wrong part of the brain. It is characterized as a type of cortical dysplasia. The neurons in heterotopia appear to be normal, except for their mislocation; nuclear studies have shown glucose metabolism equal to that of normally positioned gray matter. The condition causes a variety of symptoms, but usually includes some degree of epilepsy or recurring seizures, and often affects the brain's ability to function on higher levels. Symptoms range from nonexistent to profound; the condition is occasionally discovered by brain imaging performed for an unrelated problem and has no apparent ill effect on the patient. At the other extreme, heterotopia can result in severe seizure disorder, loss of motor skills, and mental retardation. Fatalities are practically unknown, other than the death of unborn male fetuses with a specific genetic defect. The development of the brain in the human fetus is extraordinarily complex and is still not fully understood. Neural matter originates in the outer, ectodermic layer of the gastrula; thus, rather oddly, it originates from the cell layer primarily responsible for skin, hair, nails, etc., rather than from the layers that develop into other internal organs. The nervous system originates as a tiny, simple open tube called the neural tube;[3] the front of this tube develops into the brain (and retinas of the eye), while the spinal cord develops from the very back end.

Neurons begin to form early, but most of them become structural rather than active nerve cells. The brain generally forms from the inside-out, especially in the case of the neocortex. The difficulties arising from this are readily apparent, as each successive layer of cells must travel through the previous layer to reach its destination. Nervous tissue therefore develops ladders made of radial glial cells which neurons climb, through the previous layers, to reach their proper destination. Some destinations, such as the cerebral cortex, even have "placeholder" neurons which travel up the ladder to form a structure; when the final neurons germinate, they find a correct placeholder and then the placeholder cell dies. The complexity of neural development makes it fraught with opportunites for error. Grey matter heterotopia is such an error. It is believed grey matter heterotopia is caused by arrested migration of neurons to the cerebral cortex; that is, when neurons which are supposed to form part of the cerebral cortex fail to climb to the end of their ladder correctly and are permanently situated in the wrong location. Gray matter heterotopia are common malformations of cortical development. Affected patients are generally divided into three groups, depending on the location of the formation: subependymal, subcortical, and band heterotopia. In addition, especially with heterotopia that are genetically linked, there are gender differences, men suffering more severe symptoms than women with similar formations. In general, band heterotopia are seen exclusively in women; men with a mutation of the related gene (called XLIS or DCX) usually die in utero or have a much more severe brain anomaly. Symptoms in affected women vary from normal to severe developmental delay or mental retardation; the severity of the syndrome is related to the thickness of the band of arrested neurons. Nearly all affected patients that come to medical attention have epilepsy, with partial complex and atypical absence epilepsy being the most common syndromes. Some of the more severely affected patients develop attacks Periventricular means beside the ventricle, while subependymal (also spelled subepydymal) means beneath the ependyma; because the ependyma is the thin epithelial sheet lining the ventricles of the brain, these two terms are used to define heterotopia occurring directly next to a ventricle. This is by far the most common location for heterotopia. Patients with isolated subependymal heterotopia usually present with a seizure disorder in the second decade of life. Subependymal heterotopia present in a wide array of variations. They can be a small single node or a large number of nodes, can exist on either or both sides of the brain at any point along the higher ventricle margins, can be small or large, single or multiple, and can form a small node or a large wavy or curved mass. Symptomatic women with subependymal heterotopia typically present with partial epilepsy during the second decade of life; development and neurologic examinations up to that point are typically normal. Symptoms in men with subependymal heterotopia vary, depending on whether their disease is linked to their X-chromosome. Men with the X-linked form more commonly have associated anomalies, which can be neurological or more widespread, and they usually suffer from developmental problems. Otherwise (i.e. in non-X-linked cases) the symptomology is similar in both genders. Subcortical heterotopia form as distinct nodes in the white matter, "focal" indicating specific area. Patients generally present fixed neurologic deficits and develop partial epilepsy between the ages of 6 and 10. The more extensive the subcortical heterotopia, the greater the deficit; bilateral heterotopia are almost invariably associated with severe developmental delay or mental retardation. The cortex itself often suffers from an absence of gray matter and may be unusually thin or lack deep sulci. Subepedymal heterotopia are frequently accompanied by other structural abnormalities, including an overall decrease in cortical mass. Patients with focal subcortical heterotopia have a variable motor and intellectual disturbance depending on the size and site of the heterotopion. Like focal subcortical heterotopia, "band" heterotopia form in the white matter beneath the cortex, but the gray matter is more diffuse and is symmetric between the hemispheres. On imaging, band heterotopia appears as bands of gray matter situated between the lateral ventricle and cerebral cortex and separated from both by a layer of normal appearing white matter. Band heterotopia may be complete, surrounded by simple white matter, or partial. The frontal lobes seem to be more frequently involved when it is partial. Patients with band heterotopia may present at any age with variable developmental delay and seizure disorder, which vary widely in severity. Detection of heterotopia generally occurs when a patient receives brain imaging usually an MRI or CAT scan to diagnosis seizures that are resistant to medication. Correct diagnosis requires a high degree of radiological skill, due to the heterotopia's resemblance to other masses in the brain. When seizures are present in any forms of cortical dysplasia, they are resistant to medication. Frontal lobe resection provides significant relief from seizures to a minority of patients with periventricular lesions. Gray matter heterotopia is generally fixed in both its occurrence and symptoms; that is, once symptoms occur, it does not tend to progress. Varying results from surgical resection of the affected area have been reported. Although such surgery cannot reverse develpmental disabilities, it may provides full or partial relief from seizures. Heterotopia are most commonly isolated anomalies, but may be part of a number of syndromes, including chromosomal abnormalities and fetal exposure to toxins (including alcohol). NOTE: You can go onto other sites at random by going onto www.google.com and asking your question. God Bless

Small bulb like structures at the end of an Axon are called Terminals or Terminal Buttons.

3 because there are regularly 2 synapses when there is only one interneuron. An extra neuron will add an extra synapse.

this is not true about neurons: dendrites carry information away from the cell body

15%

the cochlear nerve (found in the ears).

No. Chloroplasts are exclusive to photosynthetic organisms. The function of neuron is unrelated to photosynthesis.

In a snow storm

There are sensory neurons on your fingers and all over your body, which then goes to your interneuron in your spinal cord, then it sends a message to your brain.

Gap junctions are connections between cells and some do pass ions from one cell to another cell. Some are chemical, some are electrical synapses ans some are direct connections.

A neuron is a single unit of nerve fiber. Most neurons jobs are to allow chemical and electrical impulses to pass from one part of the body to the other. Neurons in the brain function the same way, sending impulses back and forth.

The basic "principal" behind somatic motor pathways is a pathway from your "brain" or regions in or near the brain where nerve impluses travel from and go to skeletal muscle to cause a muscle contraction. (It's complicated, but doesn't get any more basic than this) -Jordan Bourne

The fovea isnt the answer. Fovea is the area that has the most acute focus. The place the optic nerve leaves the eye is known as the BLIND SPOT.-jericho

Hair is dead cells and actually has no nerves. When you pull on your hair, it is actually the living nerves in your scalp which register it.