Paleontology

The three theories of the formation of the solar system are the nebular theory, the planetesimal hypothesis, and the gravitational instability theory. The nebular theory proposes that the solar system formed from a rotating disk of dust and gas, while the planetesimal hypothesis suggests that small, solid bodies collided and accreted to form planets. The gravitational instability theory proposes that clumps of material in a protoplanetary disk collapsed under their gravity to form planets.

Extrusive rocks are... extruded... onto the surface as the lava that we all think of. It cools fairly quickly, into rocks with fairly small crystals (might need a magnifying lens to see them). The exact chemistry of the parent magma will determine the type of rock. Oceanic volcanoes are generally basaltic (mafic or ultramafic), continental are generally granitic (felsic or intermediate). They're put down in "relatively thin" layers.

Intrusive rocks cool for thousands of years beneath the surface in huge plutons or batholyths. This allows them to grow very large crystals (easily seen by the unaided eye). These intrusive rocks are almost always granitic-type rock.

The mass extinction, known as the Permian extinction, affected both plants and animals on land and in the seas. Scientists do not know what catastrophic events caused the mass extinction, many kinds of organisms suddenly became extinct, as much as 90% of Marine species may have died out.

The first step in conducting a scientific investigation is to define the problem or research question that you want to address. This involves clearly stating the objective of the study and identifying what you want to learn or discover through your research.

Some creationists use this argument as "evidence" against evolution.

However, the flaw in their argument is that fossils do occur, they are in order, they are separated by a large time difference, and they are transitional.

The argument is commonly called the "missing link" problem, and when Darwin first developed his ideas, it actually was. He explicitly recognised it as such, and came up with several ways it would either deny or help support his theory (such as by finding rabbits in the PreCambrian era, or by the presence of missing links, which were later found). However, in the 140 years since then, we have uncovered thousands of fossilized species, each of which is a tranistional form in the evolution of several other species.

The best example is that of our own ancestry; several species have been discovered, each getting closer and closer to human as we know it, and at the same time, further from the simple ape-like mammals we began as. All of this happened - according to the geological timeframe - over a period of several million years.

During the Paleozoic Era, the continents were mostly joined together as a supercontinent called Pangaea. In the Mesozoic Era, Pangaea began to break apart, leading to the formation of the modern continents. Throughout the Cenozoic Era, the continents continued to move to their current positions due to the process of plate tectonics.

Early organisms in the Precambrian era converted carbon dioxide to oxygen through photosynthesis. This process eventually led to the increase in atmospheric oxygen levels, paving the way for the evolution of more complex life forms.

The largest extinction event known is the Permian-Triassic Extinction Event, 250 million years ago. It is nicknamed "The Great Dying" in reference to how 96% of all known marine animals and 70% of all known terrestrial vertebrates at the time went extinct due to climatic changes because of volcanic eruptions and the formation of Pangaea.

There are various eras in history, including the Paleolithic era, Neolithic era, Bronze Age, Iron Age, Middle Ages, Renaissance, Industrial Revolution, and Modern era. Each era is characterized by distinct social, cultural, and technological developments.

Without Earth's rotation, the air at the equator would move from high to low pressure in a straight line towards the poles. This is because air moves from areas of high pressure to areas of low pressure, creating a simple north-south airflow pattern.

The mass extinction that is believed to have eliminated larger dinosaurs 65 million years ago. Smaller dinosours survived, their descendants are today's reptiles. The mass extinction is believed to have been caused by an asteroid that collided with Earth. For more information, read the Wikipedia article on "Cretaceous-Paleogene extinction event", or search for this term on your favorite search engine.

In the southern half of Australia, shadows point south at midday because the sun is positioned in the northern part of the sky. The angle of sunlight creates shadows that extend in the opposite direction, which is south in this case. This phenomenon occurs due to the tilt of Earth's axis, causing the sun's path to be more direct in the Southern Hemisphere.

A preserved fossil is an organism or Animal that has been PERFECTLY PRESERVED for lots of years, or however old it may be. For example, a wooly mammoth frozen in the ice for millions of years would be known as a preserved fossil.
There are 2 different types of fossil preservation- preservation with alteration and without. With alteration also has different types. The type of organism you are looking for depends on the how it was preserved.

Gideon Mantell is famous for his discovery of Iguanodon. He also gave it its name, which means, "iguana tooth."

fossils are preserved animals or plants. but index fossils are fossils have wide distribution,many of them,evolves rapidly, and very easy to recognize.

Ammonites are index fossils.

The fossils were made only in a certain short time period.

usually an asteroid decintigrates before it hits the earth.

If an asteroid hit the Earth depending on its size, the smoke and debris of the impact would block out all sunlight to Earth. It would become unbearably cold and most life would die out. This is a theory of how the dinosaurs went extinct.this is right

During the Carboniferous period, the environment was warm and humid, with vast swamp forests covering much of the land. These forests eventually formed the coal deposits we see today. In contrast, the present environment is cooler and drier overall, with different vegetation and ecosystems in place.

When the animal dies its skeleton settles on the sea floor and is buried by sediment. that thickens and begins to turn to stone. The skeleton dissolves and a mold is formed. Minerals crystallize inside the mold and the cast is formed.

Fossil fuels are formed by natural resources such as dead organisms by decomposition (aerobic or mostly anaerobic). Fossil fuels have high percentages of carbon. It includes coal petrol diesel natural gas etc. It ranges from volatile materials like petrol to nonvolatile materials like coal.

The Permian-Triassic extinction event, around 252 million years ago, marked the end of the Permian period and the beginning of the Triassic period. It is the most severe extinction event in Earth's history, wiping out approximately 95% of marine species and 70% of terrestrial vertebrate species. The Cretaceous-Paleogene extinction event, about 66 million years ago, ended the Cretaceous period and led to the extinction of the non-avian dinosaurs and about 75% of all plant and animal species.

Alligators and crocodiles died out in Europe as the climate cooled in the Pliocene Epoch. The modern species Alligator mississippiensis, having evolved in the Miocene, continued into the Pliocene, except with a more northern range; specimens have been found in very late Miocene deposits of Tennessee.

Superposition is the methodology of younger sediments being deposited over older rocks. Paleontologists can determine the evolution or extinction of a species by looking at what fossils are either present or absent in a particular sedimentary layer.