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Paper Production
One of the staples of modern society, paper and paper production, originated in the 2nd century. Questions here should be asked and answered about how paper is produced and how the process works.
409 Questions
What are the Paper production process steps?
I had to do a research project on this and found it extremely difficult. There are different ways of making paper here is what i did.
Step 1: Getting the trees from the forest
Step 2: Debarking, Chipping and/or Recycling Logs are passed through a debarker, where the bark is removed, and through chippers, where spinning blades cut the wood into 1" pieces. Those wood chips are then pressure-cooked with a mixture of water and chemicals in a digester.
Step 3: Pulp Preparation The pulp is washed, refined, cleaned and sometimes bleached, then turned to slush in the beater. Colour dyes, coatings and other additives are mixed in, and the pulp slush is pumped onto a moving wire screen.
Step 4: Paper Formation
As the pulp travels down the screen, water is drained away and recycled. The resulting crude paper sheet, or web, is squeezed between large rollers to remove most of the remaining water and ensure smoothness and uniform thickness. The semi-dry web is then run through heated dryer rollers to remove the remaining water.
Step 5: Paper Finishing
The finished paper is then wound into large rolls, which can be 30 feet wide and weigh close to 25 tons. A slitter cuts the paper into smaller, more manageable rolls, and the paper is ready for use.
Mechanical Pulp
Step by Step Process
1) Logs are immersed in water
2) The logs then have their barks removed.
3) The wood is then ground down to from a pulp
4) Pieces of 1-2mm carry on to be produced, anything larger goes through the process again.
5) The pulp is then bleached.
Chemical Pulp
Also a way of producing paper and board, the less efficient of the two as many chemicals are used to break down the lignin in the wood fibres. This method is used for materials that need to be stronger. The machine used is called a digester a large container where all the breaking down of the fibres happens. It enters the top of the digester and comes out the bottom of the digester after 6 hours as pulp.
Step by step process.
1) Logs (hardwood & softwood) have their barks removed.
2) Logs are cut into 20mm chips (along the grain)
3) Chips are pounded into fragments (and screened)
4) Pulp is treated with acid or alkaline (bleach)
5) All of this is done in the digester
6) Lignin is dissolved away
7) Fibres are filtered out then washed.
Waste Pulp
The recycling of paper.
Step by step process.
1) Recycled paper is ground down into a pulp
2) All the metal bits are filtered out.
3) The ink is removed.
4) Waste pulp can be mixed with virgin fibres (i.e. from MP/CP processes) this improves quality
5) Processed with bonding agents/pigments/bleach
6) A sizing agent may be added to improve water resistance/prevent ink from bleeding.
A:The wood is turned into pulp, which is then treated with chemicals that effectively break up all the cellulose, leaving only the fiber strings.The fiber is then used to make paper pulp. Colors and other additives are added as needed, and the paper is created.
How do trees get turned into paper?
Page at "Related Link" list more than 100 description of how paper is made.
Are Avery Laser Labels named after company founder R Stanton Avery?
Stanton Avery founded the company now known as Avery Dennison in 1935. The Laser Label was named by Bart Young of Speer, Young & Hollander, Inc. in 1978. Young's company was the advertising agency for Avery Business Systems Division in Monrovia, CA. The assignment, commissioned by then marketing director David Kurk, was to name a new high speed label product developed specifically for the Xerox 9700 printer that used laser technology in its printing process. Special adhesives and paper needed to be formulated to accomodate the consitions created by the laser printing process. The irony was that although the laser printer could produce labels at lightning speed, Avery had not developed a companion label application machine so the labels had to be applied by hand intially. Still the product was a breakthrough and the name Laser Lable was trademarked years before the term laser printer became popular. Robert Fletcher was the general manager of the division at that time.
How many pieces of paper does the average office worker use in one year?
The average office worker in the US uses 10,000 sheets of copy paper each year. That's 4 million tons of copy paper used annually. Office workers in the US generate approximately 2 pounds of paper and paperboard products every day. (6) Reference URL: http://epa.gov/osw/conserve/materials/paper/faqs.htm#offices
Wood pulp is the basis for all types of paper products. For example, the Oxford Paper company in Maine takes logs from the forests of Maine, crushes them into pulp and makes the paper for the National Geographic Magazine and a variety of other products from toilet paper to newspaper to cardboard. Although most paper is made from wood pulp, some paper is made from other resources such as grasses, cotton and other textiles.
What is a small scale industry?
A small scale industry is a business or project is created on either a small budget or for a small group of people. For instance if someone starts a laundry service just around their neighbourhood, that is small, not too expensive to start or manage but not too cheap either. Another example is a small pizzeria or a kiosk or say a moving around with an ice-cream van, these are types of small scale industries.
Different types of small scale industries?
Types of small scale industries in India
All types of small-scale industries found in India whether in manufacturing sector or service sector are divided into five types:
1. Manufacturing Industries:
Those units which are producing complete articles for direct consumption and also for processing industries are called as manufacturing industries. For example : Powerlooms, engineering industries, coin industries, khadi industries, food processing industries etc.
2. Ancillary Industries:
The industries which are producing parts and components and rendering services to large industries are called as ancillary industries.
3. Service Industries:
Service industries are those which are covering light repair shops necessary to maintain mechanical equipments. These industries are essentially machine- based.
4. Feeder Industries:
Feeder industries are those which are specialising in certain types of products and services, e..g. casting, electro-plating, welding, etc.
5. Mining or Quarries.
The Mining industry in India is a major economic activity which contributes significantly to the economy of India. The GDP contribution of the mining industry varies from 2.2% to 2.5% only but going by the GDP of the total industrial sector it contributes around 10% to 11%.
