Particle Physics

Electrons surround nuclei due to the nature and strength of the fundamental forces and laws of physics. They are attracted to the nucleus because of their charge; since opposite charges attract, the negatively charged electrons are attracted to the positive nucleus through the electromagnetic interaction (or, electrostatically). They don't collide spontaneously with the nucleus because of several effects which result in the stability of orbits that don't intersect the location of the nucleus, most significantly the energy they possess, but also including quantum considerations such as the size of the wave function and other wave motion properties, and laws about confinement, and the uncertainties in the balance between potential and kinetic energy; one way of thinking of it is that the probability density of locating the electron in a radial direction away from the nucleus peaks at the Bohr radius -- often regarded as "the size" of the orbital -- and approaches zero as one gets closer to the nucleus.

usually it is the second to third layer of electrons. it depends on what atom ur talking about, some atoms (like magnesium) have 3 electron levels; when some atoms (like gold) may have over 7 levels of electrons. it sometimes has to do with the atomic number

Hadrons are composite particles made up of quarks, the building blocks of matter. They include protons and neutrons, the most common hadrons found in atomic nuclei. Other examples of hadrons include mesons, which consist of a quark and an antiquark.

It is very stable

#APEX :P

The neutrality of the neutron is a matter of definition; since it behaves as uncharged, it is categorized as such. The definition could be attributed to extensive experimental observations which ultimately contributes to the current broad scientific consensus, and thus it is ultimately admitted to a Standard Model wherein its charge neutrality becomes canonical. This is the essence of the scientific process. However, this is not to say the causality behind lack of charge is therefore self-evident; charge is a property of matter, and if a particle lacks the property, one might ask, why does it lack that particular property?

In the case of the neutron, it is a composite particle made up of smaller fundamental particles, called quarks. Quarks themselves are the only particles in the Model assigned a fractional value of the fundamental charge; in the case of the neutron, two (down) quarks with charges of negative one third are bound in a trio with a third (up) quark of positive two thirds; the sum of the three equals zero (2/3 - 1/3 - 1/3 = 0), and thus the neutron exhibits overall electrical neutrality, or zero charge.

An electron is a fundamental particle that consists of three smaller particles: two down quarks and one up quark, held together by the electromagnetic force.

Excellent question! I assume you are familiar with the electric repulsion that would make the protons repel (they both have a +1 charge). So, there are four forces in the universe:

1. Gravity-This is actually the weakest force. Think about it. It takes something as big as the earth to hold down a truck. Now think about the size of an electromagnet at a junk yard that can pick it up!

2. Weak Nuclear force-this is what causes radioactive chemicals (like Uranium) to decay (what makes them "radioactive".)

3. Electromagnetism-you are obviously familiar with this one.

4. The Strong Nuclear Force-this is the answer to you question.

The strong nuclear force, or "strong force", binds protons and nuetrons together. If that satisfies your curiosity, stop here, cause further explaination can get ugly.

Well, ok, I here's how to explain it without getting too side tracked:

Protons and nuetrons stay together because they emit and exchange small particles called pions. This exchange process creates a very "stable" existence for them. Everything in physics wants to reach a "stable" point (or equilibrium). If you drop a pendulum, it will swing back and forth reaching a stable pattern. Just like this, this cycle of exchanging pions is a very stable state of being for the protons and neutrons They become dependent on the process and this attraction is even stronger than the electromagnetic repulsion between the protons. In fact, it is the stongest force in nature!

The antimatter equivalent of a proton is an antiproton. It has the same mass as a proton but opposite charge.

Protons and neutrons are the subatomic particles found in the center of the atom, known as the nucleus. Protons have a positive charge, while neutrons have no charge (they are neutral).

The nucleus which includes the protons and neutrons, and the electron cloud which contains the electrons. If you want to get into true quantum mechanics, then there are the quarks, the leptons, the bosons, gluons, etc.

Yes, but an electron configuration could be that of an ion. The identification of an element depends on the number of protons in its nucleus, so only when the species is also neutral can the electron configuration be used to identify it.

Examples 1s2 2s2 2p6 is the electron configuration of Neon but also of F-. Take the superscripts and add them together to get the atomic number and if neutral must be Neon but if negative is that of F-

The magnitude of the electric charge on the proton can be seen as an assigned (or a derived) value, notated as +1 where the "+" is the sign on the charge, and "1" the value or magnitude. Electric charge in general reflects quantization - that charge exists in discrete units known as the elementary charge, "e", taken to be the charge on the electron (whose magnitude is the same but sign ("-") is opposite that of the proton). The value in practical units (Coulomb) is about 1.602 x 10^-19 Coulomb. Charge answers to a quantum number which notably is preserved in particle interactions. The nature of charge can be shown in how charged particles such as protons react to the fundamental forces; in the case of electric charge the force of interest would be the electromagnetic force. In this sense its nature could be defined by how it reacts when placed in an electromagnetic field.

Since the proton is a composite particle made of up smaller charged particles which contribute to its overall charge, a full exploration of the nature of electric charge would include an understanding of its three component quarks, which are assigned fractional units of elementary charge, and the sum of the combined fractional charges (+2/3, +2/3, -1/3) equals +1 for the proton.

Note that charge in another sense (color charge, relating to a different fundamental force) is evident for protons; a fuller exploration of the subject is the area of quantum chromodynamics.

A carbon atom can participate in both losing and gaining electrons, but it typically likes to share electrons by forming covalent bonds with other atoms. Carbon can form a variety of compounds through these covalent bonds, which allow for a diverse range of chemical reactions and structures.

When atoms in a compound share electrons, it is called covalent bonding. Covalent bonds are formed when atoms share one or more pairs of electrons in order to achieve a stable electron configuration. This type of bond is typical in nonmetallic elements.

Yes, neutrons are bigger than quarks; it takes three quarks to make a neutron, and the whole is larger than the components. Based on the current understanding of the force between the quarks, we also have an idea of how far apart they are within the neutron.

Electron microscopes were invented to overcome the limitations of light microscopes, which have a limited resolution due to the wavelength of visible light. Electron microscopes use a focused beam of electrons to achieve much higher magnification and resolution, allowing scientists to see smaller details in samples such as cells, bacteria, and structures at the atomic level. This has revolutionized our understanding of the microscopic world and has applications in various fields such as biology, materials science, and nanotechnology.

How many neutrons are in A1?

Look at a periodic table. Al is number 13, which means it has its nucleus ha 13 protons. The number 27 means it has a total of 27 particles in the nucleus. Do a little subtraction and you will discover Al's nucleus has 14 neutrons.

13 + 14 = 27.!!

The question is worded a little strangely, but if the alternate wording is correct I can answer.

Calcium 45 has 20 Protons (like all calcium isotopes) and 25 Neutrons. That makes 65 up quarks and 70 down quarks.

Electrons may vary with ionization, but will typically be 20.

An antiquark is a subatomic particle that is the antiparticle of a quark. When a quark and an antiquark come together, they can combine to form mesons or baryons, which are composite particles such as protons and neutrons. Antiquarks have the same mass as quarks but opposite electric charge and other quantum numbers.

Chirality of a fermion is determined by the interaction with the Higgs field. In the Standard Model, the Higgs mechanism is responsible for giving mass to fermions and changing their chirality. Flavor-changing interactions, such as weak interactions, can also potentially change the chirality of fermions.

Atomic Mass units

Using electric fields. But velocity is increased step by step. In case of linear accelerator successive alternating right polarity accelerates to a higher uniform speed and it travels through proportionate lengthy tunnels. In case of cyclotron both electric (alternating) and intense magnetic field are used to increase the speed step by step.

Neutron is bigger than a quark. A neutron is a composite particle made up of three quarks, while a quark is a fundamental particle that makes up protons and neutrons.

Like all sub-atomic particles, quarks do not have a radius in any meaningful sense. In other words, they are NOT like ball bearings for which you can say, "At this distance from the center of the quark, you are inside the particle, while further out you are no longer inside the quark." At the level of a quark, to speak of its size is to discuss a property with no meaning.

Quarks do have mass, but they contribute very little mass to the particles that are made up of quarks. Most of that comes from gluons.

Weak interactions are interactions between subatomic particles that are mediated by the weak nuclear force. The first such interaction discovered was Beta Decay in radioactivity, where a neutron decayed into a proton, an electron, and a neutrino. The weak force is mediated by the W+, W-, and Z intermediate vector bosons being transferred between quarks.