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Particle Physics
Relatively recent experimental results have confirmed what philosophers throughout history had theorized all along; that all matter is made up of elementary particles. Those curious about this cutting-edge field of physics known as particle physics should post their questions here, including those about fundamental particles, fundamental forces, Grand Unified Theories, and the extraordinary devices that have been or need to be engineered to research them.
3,842 Questions
Particle collision usually refers to two subatomic particles slamming into each other at high speeds causing them to break into smaller particles. These speeds are created by particle accelerators.
What is the electron cloud called?
Not exactly. An electron is an actual physical particle with a negative charge. An electron cloud is (generally) a spherical area around the nucleus of an atom that predicts where the electrons might be located.
What element has 47 electrons?
indium has 49 protons, not electrons. strontium: group 2 peiod 5 is the closest
Indium has 49 electrons
How do you find the number of neutrons in an atom if that number is not told to you?
To find the number of neutrons in an atom, subtract the atomic number (number of protons) from the atomic mass number (rounded to the nearest whole number). The atomic mass is generally provided in the periodic table or can be calculated as the sum of protons and neutrons.
Is there any real evidence supporting string theory?
In a way, string theory is like a religion. You can't really "see" strings, but you know it makes sense because it affects things around it. It's either totally correct or totally wrong. *same with black holes*
Why do neutrinos pass through the Earth without stopping?
They are so small they can go straight through. Heres why:
Atoms are spinning so fast that they look solid. Picture a fan, the blades - when still -have large spaces between them. Your hand could easily pass through. But if the blades were spinning, your hand would be cut off.
This is similar with atoms, where the electrons are spinning so fast that it feels solid. Neutrinos are so small that they can pass through these gaps, when our hands are to big to fit through and matter appears to be solid.
Thus at the macro level it is solid, but at a subatomic level you are walking through air.
What is the total number of electrons in a Mg 2 ion?
A Mg2+ ion has lost two electrons compared to the neutral magnesium atom. As a result, it has 10 electrons.
How much electrons equal to one protons?
In the quantity of the electrical charge, the electron and the proton contain equal but opposite charges. In terms of mass, the proton is about equal in mass to 1876 electrons.
What occurs when a particle of matter and a particle of anti matter meet?
When a particle of matter meets a particle of antimatter, they annihilate each other, releasing a burst of energy in the form of gamma rays. This process converts their combined mass into pure energy, following Einstein's famous equation E=mc^2.
Neutrinos were first postulated by Wolfgang Pauli in 1930 to explain the missing energy and momentum in beta decay. They were experimentally confirmed by Clyde Cowan and Frederick Reines in 1956 through the detection of electron antineutrinos produced in a nuclear reactor.
Proton have a high or low charge?
A proton has a charge of +1 elementary charges. Whether you consider this "high" or "low" depends what you compare it with; it is certainly a small amount, compared to the units you deal with in everyday life, and compared to the derive SI unit for electrical charge (the coulomb).
How do you add a neutron to an atom?
The neutron is located in the nucleus along with the protons. Getting a neutron is easy. They're in every atom of every element except hydrogen, which only rarely has one (or even more rarely two) stuck to the proton in its nucleus. To get a neutron, one can wait around for a certain type of nuclear decay wherein one will be released. There are a number of isotopes which have neutron release as a (possible) decay scheme. Also, one could bombard different atoms with different ions and cause the release of a neutron or two. And there is always the spontaneous fission reaction of U235 or P239 which will kick out a neutron or three. But what are you going to do with it? In any mode of exit from an atom, 0n1 comes out very fast (with a lot of kinetic energy). It is penetrating radiation and is very dangerous. Neutrons really don't react with anything much other than atomic nuclei, which they slam into. This releases tremendous energy that can damage living tissue big time. And whether a neutron slows down (with the conversion of much of its kinetic energy into radiation that does severe tissue damage) or not, in the end, if it isn't absorbed by something (thereby activating it and making it radioactive), it spontaneously decays with a half life of about 15 minutes resulting in more radiation damage. Getting neutrons is something that should be done only with the greatest consideration.
Refers to the nucleus and inner electrons of an atom?
The nucleus is the center of an atom, composed of protons and neutrons, while inner electrons are found in specific energy levels surrounding the nucleus. The nucleus contains most of the atom's mass and carries a positive charge due to the protons, while the inner electrons contribute to the atom's stability and participate in chemical reactions.
What is the chameleon particle?
The chameleon particle is a theoretical particle which has not been proven to exist, and that may be a candidate for the elusive dark matter. The name relates to the concept that its mass can vary (at non-relativistic speeds, the mass of particles is usually fixed) and the idea that despite its non-visibility it may change and be subject to or interact within constraints of electromagnetic force. It would theoretically have no charge nor spin, interact over large distances, and couple to ordinary matter with a strength even less than that of gravity.
Which subatomic particle is responsibe for electricity?
Electricity can flow due to the movement of ANY charged particle. A current in metals is due to the movement of electrons, and this is the most common case for a current. However, a current can also be carried by holes, by positive or negative ions, etc.
How many electrons does Boron have in a electron cloud?
A boron atom has 5 electrons in its electron cloud. Boron has an atomic number of 5, meaning it has 5 protons and normally 5 electrons to balance the positive charge of the protons.
What has no unpaired electrons in its ground state electron configuration?
Noble gases, like helium, neon, and argon, have no unpaired electrons in their ground state electron configuration. This means that all of their electrons are paired up in orbitals.
How much energy is released if 10 kg of matter annihilate 10kg of antimatter?
The amount of energy released from matter-antimatter annihilation is given by E=mc^2, where m is the mass that was annihilated. In this case, 10 kg of matter annihilating 10 kg of antimatter would release energy equivalent to 1.8 x 10^18 joules, based on the equation E=10 kg x (3 x 10^8 m/s)^2.
In it's most stable form, 55 is its atomic mass.
55 overall - 25 protons = 30 neutrons
Which subatomic particle is involved in chemical bonds?
Electrons are either transferred between atoms to form ionic bonds or shared between atoms to form covalent bonds. Either way, bonds are formed through electrons.
In an ionic compound does one or more atoms lose electrons and one or more atoms gain?
In an ionic compound, one or more atoms lose electrons to become positively charged ions (cations), while one or more atoms gain electrons to become negatively charged ions (anions). These oppositely charged ions are held together by strong electrostatic forces to form the ionic compound.
How are electron microscopes different from light microscopes?
An electron microscope can produce greater magnification, and thereby make smaller objects visible, than a light microscope can.
Short Answer:
Light microscopes can typically resolve structures to a fraction of a micron compared to electron microscopes which in practice achieve resolutions of a few nanometers. Practically, electron microscope can have almost a thousand times greater resolution than an optical microscope.
The useful magnification of an electron microscope is also in the range of a thousand times greater than an optical microscope.
The actual performance of any microscope depends on its design and lensing system and so significant variation exists in the above practical characteristics and performance of both types of microscopes can be enhanced in various ways.
Long Answer:
An electron microscope uses an electron beam to illuminate a specimen and produce the image.
An optical or light microscope uses a light beam to illuminate a specimen and produce the image.
A microscope of either type is characterized by its magnification and resolving power. The magnification depends on the lensing system and can be increased to any degree, but the maximum useful magnification is limited by the resolving power.
The resolving power of a microscope can not be better than the limits placed on it by the size of the wavelength of the illuminating beam. The smaller the wavelength, the smaller the structures that can be resolved in them image.
Visible wavelengths of light are a few hundred nanometers. An electron microscope operates with electrons accelerated to a few hundred thousand electron volts of energy and with a wavelength in the range of few hundredths of an Angstrom.
An electron microscope has a theoretical resolving power that is much greater than a light microscope and can reveal smaller structures because the electrons used have wavelengths (few hundredths of Angstroms) almost 100,000 times shorter than visible light (few hundred nanometers).
An optimized electron microscope can achieve a practical resolution of a few Angstroms and a useful magnifications in the millions of times.
A good light microscope can resolve structures smaller than a micron but is limited to about a few hundred nanometers resolution. The useful magnification of a light microscope is not much more than a thousand times.
The electron microscope uses electrostatic and electromagnetic fields to act as lenses to control and focus the electron beam and to form an image. An optical or light microscope employs glass lenses.
Protons are located in the nucleus of an atom, while electrons are found in the electron cloud surrounding the nucleus. The number and arrangement of protons and electrons determine the chemical properties of an atom.
How much does the hadron collider weigh?
The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) weighs approximately 38,000 tonnes, which is equivalent to about 84 million pounds.
